Part ⅠIntroduction 1
Challenges of the Environment， Legitimacy and Fragmentation in the WTO Dispute Settlement System 3
Part Ⅱ Overview：The WTO，Legitimacy and the Environment 9
Chapter 1The WTO，Legitimacy and New Trends in International Law 11
1.1.Debating the Legitimacy of the WTO 12
1.1.1.Criticism of the GATT/WTO System 15
1.1.1.1.Critiques of Free Trade 17
1.1.1.2.Criticism of Institutional Aspects of the WTO 22
1.1.2.A Striking Image of the Legitimacy of the WTO 27
1.2.Legitimacy， International Law and International Institutions 28
1.2.1.Constitutionalization of the WTO？ The Debate concerning Petersmann’s Arguments 37
1.3.The Concept of Legitimacy 41
1.3.1.Legitimacy in International Legal Theory 44
1.3.2.Legitimacy in This Book 51
Chapter 2 The WTO and the Challenge of Environmental Linkages 55
2.1. Evolution of the International Trade Regime 60
2.1.1.Trade and Non-trade Objectives：The Question of Linkages 63
2.1.2.The WTO Dispute Settlement System and Linkage Disputes 66
2.2. Parallel but Fragmented：Evolution of International Environmental Law 70
2.3. The WTO and the Environment 77
2.3.1.Trade and the Environment in the Uruguay Round 77
2.3.2.Trade and the Environment in the Doha Development Round 78
Chapter 3 Environmental Disputes in the WTO Dispute Settlement System 81
3.1. Origins of the Legitimacy Challenges 82
3.1.1.The Tuna-Dolphin Controversies 82
3.1.2.An Institutional Bias in Favour of Free Trade？ 87
3.2. Environmental Disputes in the WTO Dispute Settlement System 90
3.2.1.The Shrimp-Turtle Dispute 92
3.2.1.1.The Shrimp-Turtle Appellate Body Report 95
3.2.1.2.Proceedings under Article 21.5 of the DSU 100
3.2.2.The Asbestos Dispute 102
3.2.2.1.The Asbestos Panel Report 102
3.2.2.2.The Asbestos Appellate Body Report 103
3.3.3.Other Disputes concerning ArticleⅩⅩof the GATT 105
3.3.4.Disputes under the TBT Agreement 108
3.3.5.Overview of the SPS Agreement 110
3.3.6.The Hormones Dispute 113
3.3.6.1. Hormones Ⅰ 114
3.3.6.2. Hormones Ⅱ 119
3.3.7.The Biotech Dispute 124
Chapter 4 International Law in the WTO Dispute Settlement System 129
4.1. Institutional Parameters of the WTO Dispute Settlement System 130
4.2. International Law in the WTO Dispute Settlement System 135
4.2.1.The Academic Debate 137
4.2.2.WTO Jurisprudence 143
4.2.3.Article 31.3（c） of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 146
4.2.4.International Law as Factual Evidence 147
Part Ⅲ Analysis：The WTO Dispute Settlement System，Legitimacy and Fragmentation 151
Chapter 5 Fragmented Landscapes： WTO Dispute Settlement System and International Environmental Law 153
5.1.International Environmental Law in the Shrimp-Turtle Dispute 156
5.2.The Precautionary Principle in Hormones Ⅰ 160
5.3.Is the WTO Jurisprudence Relating to International Environmental Law Consistent？ 167
5.4.Missed Opportunities for Constructive Interaction in the Biotech Dispute 170
5.4.1.International Environmental Law in the Biotech Dispute 171
5.4.2.Critical Assessment of the Biotech Panel Report 175
Chapter 6 The Other Dimension of Legitimacy：Why‘Importing’Substantive Legitimacy Is Not the Answer 179
6.1.Limits of the Judicial Function 181
6.1.1.Political Balancing versus Legal Interpretation 185
6.2.On the Border between the National and International Spheres 192
6.2.1.The WTO Dispute Settlement System and National Political Processes 193
6.2.2.Standard of Review and Deference to National Authorities 196
6.2.3.Opening the Borders and ‘Importing’ Substantive Legitimacy？ 201
6.3.The WTO Dispute Settlement Proceedings and Legitimacy 204
6.3.1.Transparency and Access to Information 205
6.3.2.Public Paticipation and Amicus Curiae Briefs 209
Chapter 7 The WTO Dispute Settlement System and Fragmentation of International Law： The Case of Climate Change 217
7.1.Another Nobel Cause： Fighting Anthropogenic Climate Change 218
7.1.1.The Climate Change Challenge and the Fourth Assessment Report by the IPCC 223
7.2.The Specialized Legal Regime for Climate Change 227
7.3.The UNFCCC and WTO： Interaction between the Two Regimes 232
7.3.1.Possible Conflict Scenarios 234
7.4.The WTO and the Carbon Market 236
7.4.1.International Emissions Trading and Green Investment Schemes 237
7.4.2.The Project-Based Kyoto Mechanisms 240