PART ONE CENTRAL CONCEPTS OFPATHOPHYSIOLOG： CELLSAND TISSUES 1
UNIT Ⅰ The Cell 1
Chapter 1 Cellular Biology,&Kathyrn L. McCance 1
Prokayotes and Eukayotes, 1
Cellular Functions, 2
Structure and Function of Cellular Components, 2
Nucleus, 2
Cytoplasmic Organelles, 4
Plasma Membranes, 10
Cellular Receptors, 13
Cell-to-Cell Adhesions, 15
Extracellular Matrix, 15
Specialized Cell Junctions, 16
Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction, 18
Signal Transduction, 19
Extracellular Messengers and Channel Regulation, 20
Second Messengers, 20
Cellular Metabolism, 21
Role of Adenosine Triphosphate, 22
Food and Production of Cellular Energy, 23
Oxidative Phosphorylation, 24
Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output, 25
Movement of Water and Solutes, 26
Transport by Vesicle Formation, 30
Movement of Electrical Impulses: MembranePotentials, 32
Cellular Reproduction: The Cell Cycle, 33
Phases of Mitosis and Cytokinesis, 34
Rates of Cellular Division, 35
Growth Factors, 35
Tissues, 35
Tissue Formation, 35
Types of Tissues, 36
Chapter 2 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology, &Kathryn L. McCance and Todd Cameron GreyCe 46
Cellular Adaption, 47
Atrophy, 47
Hypertrophy, 47
Hyperplasia, 48
Dysplasia: Not a True Adaptive Change, 49
Metaplasia, 50
Cellular Injury, 50
General Mechanisms of Cell Injury, 52
Hypoxic Injury, 52
Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species, 54
Chemical Injury, 55
Unintentional and Intentional Injuries, 62
Infectious Injury, 69
Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury, 69
Injurious Genetic Factors, 69
Injurious Nutritional Imbalances, 69
Injurious Physical Agents, 71
Manifestations of Cellular Injury, 76
Cellular Manifestations: Accumulations, 76
Systemic Manifestations, 81
Cellular Death, 81
Necrosis, 81
Apoptosis, 84
Aging and Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology, 86
Normal Life Span, 86
Somatic Death, 90
Chapter 3 The Cellular Environment: Fluids andElectrolytes, Acids and Bases,Sue E. Huether 96
Distribution of Body Fluids, 96
Aging and Distribution of Body Fluids, 97
Water Movement Between ICF and ECF, 97
Water Movement Between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid, 98
Alterations in Water Movement, 98
Edema, 98
Sodium, Chloride, and Water Balance, 101
Sodium and Chloride Balance, 101
Water Balance, 102
Alterations in Sodium, Chloride, and Water Balance, 102
Isotonic Alterations, 102
Hypertonic Alterations, 103
Hypotonic Alterations, 104
Alterations in Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, andMagnesium Balance, 106
Potassium, 106
Calcium and Phosphate, 111
Magnesium, 114
Acid-Base Balance, 114
Hydrogen Ion and pH, 114
Buffer Systems, 115
Acid-Base Imbalances, 117
UNIT Ⅱ Genes and Gene-EnvironmentInteraction 126
Chapter 4 Genes and Genetic Diseases,Lynn B. Jorde 126
DNA, RNA, and Proteins: Heredity at the MolecularLevel, 129
DNA, 129
From Genes to Proteins, 132
Chromosomes, 134
Chromosome Aberrations and Associated Diseases, 135
Elements of Formal Genetics, 143
Phenotype and Genotype, 145
Dominance and Recessiveness, 145
Transmission of Genetic Diseases, 145
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance, 146
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance, 151
X-Linked Inheritance, 152
Evaluation of Pedigrees, 155
Linkage Analysis and Gene Mapping, 155
Classical Pedigree Analysis, 155
Assigning Loci to Specific Chromosomes, 157
Complete Human Gene Map: Prospects and Benefits, 157
Chapter 5 Genes, Environment, and CommonDiseases,Lynn B.Jorde 164
Factors Influencing Incidence of Disease inPopulations, 164
Concepts of Incidence and Prevalence, 164
Analysis of Risk Factors, 165
Principles of Multifactorial Inheritance, 165
Basic Model, 165
Threshold Model, 166
Recurrence Risks and Transmission Patterns, 167
Nature and Nurture: Disentangling the Effects of Genesand Environment, 169
Twin Studies, 170
Adoption Studies, 170
Genetics of Common Diseases, 172
Congenital Malformations, 172
Multifactorial Disorders in the Adult Population, 172
UNIT Ⅲ Mechanisms of Self-Defense 183
Chapter 6 Innate Immunity: Inflammation,Neal S. Rote and Sue E. Huether 183
Human Defense Mechanisms, 184
First Line of Defense: Physical, Mechanical, andBiochemical Barriers, 184
Physical and Mechanical Barriers, 184
Biochemical Barriers, 184
Second Line of Defense: The Inflammatory Response, 186
Vascular Response, 186
Plasma Protein Systems, 187
Cellular Mediators of Inflammation, 192
Cellular Products, 203
Local Manifestations of Inflammation, 205
Systemic Manifestations of Acute Inflammation, 205
Fever, 206
Leukocytosis, 206
Plasma Protein Synthesis, 206
Chronic Inflammation, 206
Resolution and Repair, 208
Reconstructive Phase, 208
Maturation Phase, 210
Dysfunctional Wound Healing, 211
Pediatrics and Mechanisms of Self-Defense, 212
Aging and Mechanisms of Self-Defense, 213
Chapter 7 Adaptive Immunity,Neal S. Rote 217
General Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity, 217
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity, 219
Active vs. Passive Immunity, 220
Recognition and Response, 220
Antigens and Immunogens, 221
Molecules That Recognize Antigen, 222
Molecules That Present Antigen, 226
Molecules That Hold Cells Together, 228
Cytokines and Their Receptors, 228
Generation of Clonal Diversity, 229
T-Cell Maturation, 230
B-Cell Maturation, 233
Induction of an Immune Response: Clonal Selection, 235
Secondary Lymphoid Organs, 235
Antigen Processing and Presentation, 235
Helper T Lymphocytes, 237
B-Cell Activation: The Humoral Immune Response, 240
T-Cell Activation: The Cellular Immune Response, 243
Effector Mechanisms, 244
Antibody Function, 244
T-Lymphocyte Function, 247
Fetal and Neonatal Immune Function, 250
Aging and Immune Function, 251
Chapter 8 Alterations in Immunity andInflammation,Neal S. Rote 256
Hypersensitivity: Allergy, Autoimmunity, andAlloimmunity, 256
Mechanisms of Hypersensitivity, 258
Antigenic Targets of Hypersensitivity Reactions, 264
Autoimmune and Alloimmune Disease, 271
Deficiencies in Immunity, 275
Initial Clinical Presentation, 275
Primary Immune Deficiencies, 275
Secondary Immune Deficiencies, 284
Clinical Evaluation of Immunity, 286
Replacement Therapies for Immune Deficiencies, 287
Chapter 9 Infection,Neal S. Rote and Sue E. Huether 293
Microorganisms and Humans: A Dynamic Relationship, 295
Microorganisms and Infections, 295
Process of Infection, 295
Clinical Infectious Disease, 296
Classes of Infectious Microorganisms, 297
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome （AIDS）, 318
Transmission, 318
Pathogenesis, 319
Clinical Manifestations, 321
Treatment and Prevention, 322
Pediatric AIDS and Central Nervous SystemInvolvement, 324
Countermeasures Against Pathogens, 326
Infection Control Measures, 326
Antimicrobials, 327
Active Immunization: Vaccines, 329
Passive Immunotherapy, 332
Chapter 10 Stress and Disease,Beth A. Forshee, Margaret F. Clayton,and Kathryn L. McCance 336
Concepts of Stress, 337
General Adaptation Syndrome, 338
Psychologic Mediators and Specificity, 338
Psychoneuroimmunologic Mediators of Stress, 339
Stress Response, 339
Central Stress Response, 339
Stress and the Immune System, 347
Stress, Personality, Coping, and Illness, 352
Aging and Stress: Stress-Age Syndrome, 355
UNIT Ⅳ Cellular Proliferation: Cancer 360
Chapter 11 Biology, Clinical Manifestations, andTreatment of Cancer,David M. Virshup 360
Cancer Characteristics and Terminology, 360
Tumor Classification and Nomenclature, 361
The Biology of Cancer Cells, 362
Tumor Markers, 367
The Genetic Basis of Cancer, 367
Cancer-Causing Mutations in Genes, 367
Types of Genes Misregulated in Cancer, 368
Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes: Acceleratorsand Brakes, 370
Guardians of the Genome, 375
Inflammation, Immunity, and Cancer, 377
The Immune System Protects Us Against Viral-Associated Cancers, 378
Viral Causes of Cancer, 378
Bacterial Cause of Cancer, 380
Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, 381
Only Rare Cells in a Cancer are Able to Metastasize, 382
Detachment and Invasion, 382
Survival and Spread in the Circulation, 382
Selective Adherence in Favorable Sites, 383
Escape from the Circulation and Development of a NewMicroenvironment, 384
Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Cancer, 384
Clinical Manifestations of Cancer, 384
Cancer Treatment, 387
Chapter 12 Cancer Epidemiology,Kathryn L. McCance 396
Genes, Environmental-Lifestyle Factors, and RiskFactors, 396
Epigenetics and Genetics, 401
Tobacco Use, 404
Diet, 404
Alcohol Consumption, 415
Ionizing Radiation, 416
Ultraviolet Radiation, 422
Electromagnetic Radiation, 424
Sexual and Reproductive Behavior: HumanPapillomaviruses, 425
Other Viruses and Microorganisms, 425
Physical Activity, 425
Chemicals and Occupational Hazards as Carcinogens, 426
Air Pollution, 426
Chapter 13 Cancer in Children,Nancy E. Kline 436
Incidence and Types of Cancer, 436
Etiology, 437
Genetic Factors, 438
Environmental Factors, 439
Prognosis, 440
PART TWO PATHOPHYSIOLOGICALTERATIONS: ORGANS ANDSYSTEMS 442
UNIT Ⅴ The Neurologic System 442
Chapter 14 Structure and Function of theNeurologic System,Richard A. Sugerman 442
Overview and Organization of the Nervous System, 442
Cells of the Nervous System, 443
Neuron, 443
Neuroglia and Schwann Cells, 444
Nerve Injury and Regeneration, 445
Nerve Impulse, 446
Synapses, 446
Neurotransmitters, 447
Central Nervous System, 449
Brain, 449
Spinal Cord, 456
Motor Pathways, 458
Sensory Pathways, 458
Protective Structures, 459
Blood Supply, 462
Peripheral Nervous System, 465
Autonomic Nervous System, 467
Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System, 467
Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System, 467
Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 470
Aging and the Nervous System, 471
Tests of Nervous System Function, 474
Skull and Spine Roentgenograms, 474
Computed Tomography, 474
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 474
Magnetic Resonance Angiography, 475
Positron-Emission Tomography Scan, 475
Brain Scan, 475
Cerebral Angiography, 476
Myelography, 476
Echoencephalography （Ultrasound）, 476
Electroencephalography, 476
Evoke Potentials, 476
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis, 476
Chapter 15 Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep,and Sensory Function,Sue E. Huether 481
Pain, 482
Theories of Pain, 482
Neuroanatomy of Pain, 482
Neuromodulation of Pain, 486
Clinical Description of Pain, 490
Pediatrics and Perception of Pain, 495
Aging and Perception of Pain, 495
Temperature Regulation, 496
Hypothalamic Control of Temperature, 496
Pediatrics and Changes in Temperature Regulation, 498
Aging and Changes in Temperature Regulation, 498
Pathogenesis of Fever, 498
Benefits of Fever, 498
Disorders of Temperature Regulation, 500
Sleep, 502
Non-Rapid Eye Movement （NREM） Sleep, 503
Pediatrics and Sleep Patterns, 504
Aging and Sleep Patterns, 504
Sleep Disorders, 504
Sleep Disorders Associated with Mental, Neurologic,or Medical Disorders, 505
Special Senses, 506
Vision, 506
Aging and Vision, 508
Hearing, 512
Aging and Hearing, 514
Olfaction and Taste, 515
Aging and Olfaction and Taste, 516
Somatosensory Function, 517
Touch, 517
Proprioception, 517
Chapter 16 Alterations in Cognitive Systems,Cerebral Hemodynamics, and MotorFunction,Barbara J. Boss 525
Alterations in Cognitive Systems, 525
Coma, 528
Seizures, 536
Alterations in Awareness, 542
Data Processing Deficits, 546
Alterations in Cerebral Hemodynamics, 557
Cerebral Hemodynamics, 557
Increased Intracranial Pressure, 557
Herniation Syndromes, 559
Cerebral Edema, 559
Hydrocephalus, 560
Alterations in Motor Function, 561
Alterations in Muscle Tone, 562
Alterations in Movement, 564
Alterations in Complex Motor Performance, 575
Extrapyramidal Motor Syndromes, 577
Chapter 17 Disorders of the Central andPeripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction,Barbara J. Boss 583
Central Nervous System Disorders, 583
Trauma, 583
Degenerative Disorders of the Spine, 596
Cerebrovascular Disorders, 600
Headache, 609
Tumors of the Central Nervous System, 611
Infection and Inflammation of the Central NervousSystem, 620
Demyelinating Disorders, 630
Neurodegenerative Disorders, 633
Peripheral Nervous System and NeuromuscularJunction Disorders, 635
Peripheral Nervous System Disorders, 635
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders, 638
Chapter 18 Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, MoodDisorders, and Anxiety Disorders,&Lorey K. Takahashi 646
Schizophrenia, 647
Etiology and Pathophysiology, 647
Clinical Manifestations, 650
Treatment, 651
Mood Disorders: Depression and Bipolar Disorder, 652
Etiology and Pathophysiology, 652
Clinical Manifestations, 655
Treatment, 657
Anxiety Disorders, 658
Panic Disorder, 659
Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 660
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 660
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 661
Chapter 19 Alterations of Neurologic Functionin Children,Barbara J. Boss and Sue E. Huether 665
Structure and Function of the Nervous System in Children, 665
Myelin Sheath, 667
Normal Growth and Development, 668
Structural Malformations, 668
Defects of Neural Tube Closure, 668
Encephalopathies, 675
Statis Encephalopathies, 675
Acute Encephalopathies, 681
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalopathy, 684
Cerebrovascular Disease in Children, 684
Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease, 685
Hemorrhagic Cerebrovascular Disease, 685
Childhood Tumors, 685
Brain Tumors, 685
Embryonal Tumors, 688
UNIT Ⅵ The Endocrine System 696
Chapter 20 Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation,Valentina L. Brashers and Robert E. Jones 696
Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation, 696
Regulation of Hormone Release, 697
Hormone Transport, 698
Cellular Mechanisms of Hormone Action, 699
Structure and Function of the Endocrine Glands, 703
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis, 703
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands, 708
Endocrine Pancreas, 712
Adrenal Glands, 715
Neuroendocrine Response to Stressors, 720
Tests of Endocrine Function, 720
Aging and the Endocrine System, 720
Chapter 21 Alterations of Hormonal Regulation,Robert E. Jones, Valentina L. Brashers,and Sue E. Huether 727
Mechanisms of Hormonal Alterations, 727
Alterations of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary System, 728
Diseases of the Posterior Pituitary, 728
Disease of the Anterior Pituitary, 731
Alterations of Thyroid Function, 736
Hyperthyroidism, 736
Hypothyroidism, 739
Alterations of Parathyroid Function, 742
Hyperparathyroidism, 742
Hypoparathyroidism, 744
Dysfunction of the Endocrine Pancreas: DiabetesMellitus, 745
Types of Diabetes Mellitus, 745
Acute Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 754
Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 758
Alterations of Adrenal Function, 765
Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex, 765
Disorders of the Adrenal Medulla, 772
UNIT Ⅶ The Reproductive Systems 781
Chapter 22 Structure and Function of theReproductive Systems,Angela Deneris and Sue E. Huether 781
Development of the Reproductive Systems, 781
Sexual Differentiation and Hormone Productionin Utero, 781
Puberty, 784
The Female Reproductive System, 784
External Genitalia, 784
Internal Genitalia, 786
Female Sex Hormones, 790
The Menstrual Cycle, 792
The Male Reproductive System, 796
External Genitalia, 796
Internal Genitalia, 799
Spermatogenesis, 800
Male Sex Hormones, 800
Structure and Function of the Breast, 802
The Female Breast, 802
The Male Breast, 805
Tests of Reproductive Function, 805
Infection and Cancer Tests, 805
Fertility Tests, 807
Aging and Reproduction Function, 807
Aging and the Female Reproductive System, 807
Aging and the Male Reproductive System, 811
Chapter 23 Alterations of the ReproductiveSystems,Gwen A. Latendresse, Kathryn L. McCance,and Katherine Morgan 816
Alterations of Sexual Maturation, 816
Delayed Puberty , 817
Precocious Puberty , 818
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System, 819
Hormonal and Menstrual Alterations, 819
Infection and Infl ammation, 828
Pelvic Organ Prolapse （POP）, 833
Benign Growths and Proliferative Conditions, 836
Cancer, 841
Sexual Dysfunction, 848
Impaired Fertity, 849
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System, 850
Disorders of the Urethra, 850
Disorders of the Penis, 850
Disorders of the Scrotum, Testis, and Epididymis, 854
Disorders of the Prostate Gland, 860
Sexual Dysfunction, 869
Impairment of Sperm Production and Quality, 870
Disorders of the Breast, 871
Disorders of the Female Breast, 871
Disorders of the Male Breast, 909
Chapter 24 Sexually Transmitted Infections,Lisa Kaloczi, Gwen Latendresse, and Katherine Morgan 923
Sexually Transmitted Urogenital Infections, 924
Bacterial Infections, 924
Chlamydia Infections, 935
Viral Infections, 938
Parasitic Infections, 942
Sexually Transmitted Infections of Other Body Systems, 946
Gastrointestinal Infections, 946
Systemic Diseases, 947
UNIT Ⅷ The Hematologic System 952
Chapter 25 Structure and Function of the Hematologic System,Neal S. Rote and Kathryn L. McCance 952
Components of the Hematologic System, 952
Composition of the Blood, 952
Lymphoid Organs, 957
Development of Blood Cells, 961
Hematopoiesis, 961
Development of Erythrocytes, 965
Development of Leukocytes, 971
Development of Platelets, 971
Mechanisms of Hemostasis, 972
Function of Blood Vessels, 972
Function of Platelets, 972
Function of Clotting Factors, 976
Control of Hemostatic Mechanisms, 977
Lysis of Blood Clots, 979
Clinical Evaluation of the Hematologic System, 980
Tests of Bone Marrow Function, 980
Blood Tests, 982
Pediatrics and the Hematologic System, 982
Aging and the Hematologic System, 982
Chapter 26 Alterations of Erythrocyte Function,Neal S. Rote and Kathyrn L. McCance 989
Anemia, 989
Classification, 989
Macrocytic-Normochromic Anemias, 990
Microcytic-Hypochromic Anemias, 995
Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias, 1000
Myeloproliferative Red Blood Cell Disorders （Polycythemia）, 1008
Chapter 27 Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid,and Hemostatic Function,Neal S. Rote and Kathyrn L. McCance 1014
Alterations of Leukocyte Function, 1014
Quantitative Alterations of Leukocytes, 1014
Infectious Mononucleosis, 1017
Leukemias, 1019
Alterations of Lymphoid Function, 1030
Lymphadenopathy, 1030
Malignant Lymphomas, 1030
Plasma Cell Malignancies, 1037
Alterations of Splenic Function, 1042
Alterations of Platelets and Coagulation, 1044
Disorders of Platelets, 1044
Disorders of Coagulation, 1049
Chapter 28 Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children,Nancy E. Kline 1062
Fetal and Neonatal Hematopoiesis, 1062
Postnatal Changes in the Blood, 1063
Erythrocytes, 1064
Leukocytes and Platelets, 1064
Disorders of Erythrocytes, 1065
Acquired Disorders, 1065
Inherited Disorders, 1068
Disorders of Coagulation and Platelets, 1078
Inherited Hemorrhagic Disease, 1078
Antibody-Mediated Hemorrhagic Disease, 1081
Leukemia and Lymphoma, 1083
Leukemia, 1083
Lymphomas, 1086
UNIT Ⅸ The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 1091
Chapter 29 Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, &Valentina L. Brashers and Kathryn L. McCance 1091
Circulatory System, 1091
The Heart, 1093
Structures That Direct Circulation Through the Heart, 1093
Structures That Support Cardiac Metabolism: The Coronary Vessels, 1096
Structures that Control Heart Action, 1099
Factors Affecting Cardiac Output, 1109
System Circulation, 1113
Structure of Blood Vessels, 1113
Factors Affecting Blood Flow, 1117
Regulation of Blood Pressure （Arterial Pressure）, 1122
Regulation of Coronary Circulation, 1130
Lymphatic System, 1131
Tests of Cardiovascular Function, 1133
Cardiac and Coronary Arterry Evaluation, 1133
Systemic Vascular Evaluation, 1135
Aging and the Cardiovascular System, 1136
Chapter 30 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function,Valentina L. Brashers 1142
Diseases of the Veins, 1142
Varicose Veins and Chronic Venous Insufficiency, 1142
Thrombus Formation in Veins, 1143
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome, 1144
Diseases of the Arteries, 1144
Aneurysm, 1144
Thrombus Formation, 1147
Embolism, 1147
Peripheral Arterial Diseases, 1148
Hypertension, 1149
Orthostatic （Postural） Hypotension, 1156
Atherosclerosis, 1157
Peripheral Artery Disease, 1160
Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Ischemia, and Acute Corona Syndromes, 1160
Disorders of the Heart Wall, 1176
Disorders of the Pericardium, 1176
Disorders of the Myocardium: The Cardiomyopathies, 1178
Disorders of the Endocardium, 1181
Cardiac Complications in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 1189
Manifestations of Heart Disease, 1189
Heart Failure, 1189
Dysrhythmias, 1196
Chapter 31 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children,Nancy L. McDaniel 1209
Development of the Cardiovascular System, 1209
Developmental Anatomy, 1209
Transitional Circulation, 1211
Postnatal Development, 1213
Congenital Heart Defects, 1213
Classification of Congenital Heart Defects andAssociated Conditions, 1215
Hypoxemia, 1217
Defects Increasing Pulmonary Blood Flow, 1218
Defects Decreasing Pulmonary Blood Flow, 1223
Obstructive Defects, 1226
Mixing Defects, 1230
Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders, 1234
Kawasaki Disease, 1234
Systemic Hypertension, 1235
Childhood Obesity, 1237
UNIT Ⅹ The Pulmonary System 1242
Chapter 32 Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System,Valentina L. Brashers 1242
Structures of the Pulmonary System, 1242
Conducting Airways, 1242
Gas-Exchange Airways, 1244
Pulmonary and Bronchial Circulation, 1247
Chest Wall and Pleura, 1249
Functions of the Pulmonary System, 1249
Ventilation, 1249
Gas Transport, 1255
Control of the Pulmonary Circulation, 1260
Tests of Pulmonary Function, 1261
Aging and the Pulmonary System, 1263
Chapter 33 Alterations of Pulmonary Function,Valentina L. Brashers 1266
Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Alterations, 1266
Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Disease, 1266
Conditions Caused by Pulmonary Disease or Injury, 1269
Disorders of the Chest Wall and Pleura, 1271
Disorders of the Chest Wall, 1271
Pleural Abnormalities, 1272
Pulmonary Disorders, 1274
Restrictive Lung Disorders, 1274
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 1282
Respiratory Tract Infections, 1290
Pulmonary Vascular Disease, 1294
Malignancies of the Respiratory Tract, 1298
Chapter 34 Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children,Kristi Gott and Deborah K. Froh 1310
Structure and Function, 1310
Upper Airway, 1310
Lower Airways and Lung Parenchyma, 1310
Chest Wall Dynamics, 1311
Metabolic Characteristics, 1312
Immunologic Incompetence, 1312
Physiologic Control of Respiration, 1312
Pulmonary Disorders, 1313
Disorders of the Upper Airways, 1313
Disorders of the Lower Airways, 1320
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 1339
UNIT Ⅺ The Renal and Urologic Systems 1344
Chapter 35 Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems,&Sue E. Huether 1344
Structures of the Renal System, 1344
Structures of the Kidney, 1344
Urinary Structures, 1350
Renal Blood Flow, 1351
Autoregulation, 1351
Neural Regulation, 1351
Hormones and Other Factors, 1352
Kidney Function, 1352
Nephron Function, 1352
Concentration and Dilution of Urine, 1357
Renal Hormones, 1358
Tests of Renal Function, 1360
The Concept of Clearance, 1360
Blood Tests, 1360
Urinalysis, 1361
Aging and Renal Function, 1362
Chapter 36 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function,Sue E. Huether and Beth A. Forshee 1365
Urinary Tract Obstruction, 1365
Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction, 1365
Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction, 1369
Tumors, 1372
Urinary Tract Infection, 1373
Causes of Urinary Tract Infection, 1373
Glomerular Disorders, 1378
Glomerulonephritis, 1379
Nephrotic Syndrome, 1384
Acute Kidney Injury, 1386
Classification of Kidney Dysfunction, 1386
Acute Kidney Injury, 1386
Chronic Kidney Disease, 1389
Creatinine and Urea Clearance, 1393
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, 1393
Calcium, Phosphate, and Bone, 1394
Chapter 37 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children, &Sue E. Huether 1402
Structure and Function of the Urinary System in Children, 1402
Development of the Urinary System, 1402
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance in Children, 1404
Alterations in Renal and Bladder Function in Children, 1404
Congenital Abnormalities, 1404
Glomerular Disorders, 1407
Renal Injury, 1411
Bladder Disorders, 1411
Wilms Tumor, 1413
Enuresis, 1414
UNIT Ⅻ The Digestive System 1420
Chapter 38 Structure and Function of the Digestive System,Sue E. Huether 1420
The Gastrointestinal Tract, 1421
Mouth and Esophagus, 1421
Stomach, 1423
Small Intestine, 1428
Large Intestine, 1435
Intestinal Bacteria, 1437
Accessory Organs of Digestion, 1437
Liver, 1438
Gallbladder, 1442
Exocrine Pancreas, 1443
Tests of Digestive Function, 1444
Gastrointestinal Tract, 1444
Liver, 1446
Gallbladder, 1446
Exocrine Pancreas, 1446
Aging and the Gastrointestinal System, 1447
Chapter 39 Alterations of Digestive Function,Sue E. Huether 1452
Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 1452
Clinical Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction, 1452
Disorders of Motility, 1456
Gastritis, 1463
Peptic Ulcer Disease, 1464
Malabsorption Syndromes, 1470
Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 1471
Appendicitis, 1475
Vascular Insufficiency, 1477
Disorders of Nutrition, 1477
Disorders of the Accessory Organs of Digestion, 1482
Clinical Manifestations of Liver Disorders, 1482
Disorders of the Liver, 1488
Disorders of the Gallbladder, 1494
Disorders of the Pancreas, 1495
Cancer of the Digestive System, 1498
Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 1498
Cancer of the Accessory Organs of Digestion, 1503
Chapter 40 Alterations of Digestive Function in Children,Sue E. Huether 1516
Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 1516
Congenital Impairment of Motility, 1516
Esophageal Malformations, 1518
Acquired Impairment of Motility, 1522
Impairment of Digestion, Absorption, and Nutrition, 1524
Diarrhea, 1530
Disorders of the Liver, 1531
Disorders of Biliary Metabolism and Transport, 1531
Inflammatory Disorders, 1532
Portal Hypertension, 1533
Metabolic Disorders, 1534
UNIT ⅩⅢ The Musculoskeletal System 1540
Chapter 41 Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System,Christy L. Crowther-Radulewicz 1540
Structure and Function of Bones, 1540
Elements of Bone Tissue, 1540
Types of Bone Tissue, 1545
Characteristics of Bone, 1546
Maintenance of Bone Integrity, 1547
Structure and Function of Joints, 1548
Fibrous Joints, 1549
Cartilaginous Joints, 1549
Synovial Joints, 1550
Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscles, 1554
Whole Muscle, 1555
Components of Muscle Function, 1561
Tests of Musculoskeletal Function, 1563
Tests of Bone Function, 1563
Tests of Joint Function, 1563
Tests of Muscular Function, 1563
Aging and the Musculoskeletal System, 1564
Aging of Bones, 1564
Aging of Joints, 1564
Aging of Muscles, 1564
Chapter 42 Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function, &Christy L. Crowther-Radulewicz and Kathryn L. McCance 1568
Musculoskeletal Injuries, 1568
Skeletal Trauma, 1568
Support Structures, 1573
Disorders of Bones, 1576
Metabolic Bone Diseases, 1576
Infectious Bone Disease: Osteomyelitis, 1586
Bone Tumors, 1588
Disorders of Joints, 1592
Osteoarthritis, 1592
Classic Inflammatory Joint Disease, 1596
Disorders of Skeletal Muscle, 1606
Secondary Muscular Dysfunction, 1606
Muscle Membrane Abnormalities, 1609
Metabolic Muscle Diseases, 1610
Inflammatory Muscle Diseases: Myositis, 1611
Myopathy, 1612
Muscle Tumors, 1613
Chapter 43 Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children,Kristen Lee Carroll 1618
Musculoskeletal Development in Children, 1618
Bone Formation, 1618
Bone Growth, 1619
Skeletal Development, 1620
Muscle Growth, 1620
Musculoskeletal Alterations in Children, 1620
Congenital Defects, 1620
Abnormal Density of Modeling of the Skeleton, 1624
Bone Infection: Osteomyelitis, 1628
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, 1630
Avascular Diseases of the Bone: Osteochondrosis, 1631
Cerebral Palsy, 1632
Muscular Dystrophy, 1633
Musculoskeletal Tumors in Children, 1637
Nonaccidental Trauma, 1640
UNIT ⅩⅣ The Integumentary System 1644
Chapter 44 Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument,Noreen Heer Nicol and Sue E. Huether 1644
Structure and Function of the Skin, 1644
Layers of the Skin, 1644
Subcutaneous Layer, 1645
Aging and Skin Integrity, 1646
Tests of Skin Function, 1647
Clinical Manifestations of Skin Dysfunction, 1647
Disorders of the Skin, 1655
Inflammatory Disorders, 1655
Papulosquamous Disorders, 1657
Vesiculobullous Disorders, 1660
Infections, 1662
Vascular Disorders, 1665
Insect Bites, 1667
Benign Tumors, 1668
Cancer, 1669
Frostbite, 1673
Disorders of the Hair, 1673
Alopecia, 1673
Hirsutism, 1674
Disorders of the Nail, 1674
Paronychia, 1674
Onychomycosis, 1674
Chapter 45 Alterations of the Integument in Children,Noreen Heer Nicol and Sue E. Huether 1680
Acne Vulgaris, 1680
Dermatitis, 1681
Atopic Dermatitis, 1681
Diaper Dermatitis, 1682
Infections of the Skin, 1683
Bacterial Infections, 1683
Fungal Infections, 1684
Viral Infections, 1685
Insect Bites and Parasites, 1688
Scabies, 1688
Pediculosis （Lice Infestation）, 1689
Fleas, 1689
Bedbugs, 1689
Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations, 1690
Hemangiomas, 1690
Vascular Malformations, 1691
Other Skin Disorders, 1692
Miliaria, 1692
Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum, 1692
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, 1692
UNIT ⅩⅤ Multiple Interacting Systems 1696
Chapter 46 Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults,Dennis J. Cheek, Linda L. Martin, and Stephen E. Morris 1696
Shock, 1696
Cellular Alterations, 1697
Impairment of Cellular Metabolism, 1697
Types of Shock, 1699
Treatment for Shock, 1707
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, 1707
Burns, 1714
Epidemiology and Etiology, 1714
Burn Wound Depth, 1714
Chapter 47 Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction, and Burns in Children,Mary Fran Hazinski, Mary A. Mondozzi, and Rose A. Urdiales Baker 1727
Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, 1727
Types of Shock, 1728
Reperfusion and Inflammatory Injury, 1737
Evaluation and Treatment of Shock, 1737
Burns, 1741
Severity of Injury, 1742
Glossary, 1755
Index, 1778