Chapter 1.An Introduction and Overview 1
Ⅰ.Introduction 1
Ⅱ.An Overview of Different Procedural Systems 4
Ⅲ.Other Systems: An Apologia 48
Chapter 2.The Structure of the Legal Profession 51
Ⅰ.Introduction 51
Ⅱ.The Education of Civil Lawyers 53
Ⅲ.The Legal Profession vs.The Legal Professions 58
Ⅳ.The Structure of the Legal Profession in the Civil Law: Germany, France, Italy, and Japan 63
Ⅴ.The Structure of the Legal Profession in the Common Law: England and the United States 94
Chapter 3.Organization of the Courts 106
Ⅰ.Introduction 106
Ⅱ.Civil Law Systems: Germany, France, Italy, and Japan 107
Ⅲ.Courts in the Common Law: England and the United States 126
Ⅳ.Constitutional Courts 140
Ⅴ.Supra-National Courts 152
Ⅵ.Stare Decisis: A Comparative Perspective 155
Chapter 4.Initiating a Law Suit, Defining the Issues, Gathering the Evidence 164
Ⅰ.Introduction 164
Ⅱ.Initiating Proceedings 164
Ⅲ.Notification of Proceedings 173
Ⅳ.Identifying the Issues 184
Ⅴ.Learning the Facts—Discovery 207
Chapter 5.Resolving the Case in the First Instance Court: The Trial and Analogous Processes 241
Ⅰ.Introduction 241
Ⅱ.The Structure of the “First Instance” Proceeding 241
Ⅲ.The Role of the Judge and Attorney at the Hearing 254
Ⅳ.Evidence and Presentation of Proof 260
Ⅴ.Decision Makers 268
Chapter 6.Short-Cuts to Judgment and Provisional Reme- dies 276
Ⅰ.Introduction 276
Ⅱ.Summary and Provisional Remedies: History and Contempo- rary Context 277
Ⅲ.Short.Cuts to Judgment: Summary Remedies in England, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States 278
Ⅳ.Short.Cuts, Continued: Treatment of Small Claims in Eng- land, Italy, Japan, and the United States 288
Ⅴ.Provisional Remedies: Comparative Overview 294
Ⅵ.Provisional Remedies, Continued: A Comparative Look at the “Mareva” Injunction 317
Chapter 7.Appeal 327
Ⅰ.Introduction 327
Ⅱ.European Appellate Systems in General 328
Ⅲ.England 338
Ⅳ.The United States 345
Ⅴ.Germany 352
Ⅵ.France 360
Ⅶ.Japan 362
Chapter 8.Aggregation of Parties, Claims, and Actions 369
Ⅰ.Introduction 369
Ⅱ.The Function and Goals of Aggregation Devices 371
Ⅲ.Permissive Joinder of Claims and Parties 373
Ⅳ.Mandatory Joinder of Claims and Parties 379
Ⅴ.Joinder and the Right to Recover Reimbursement: The Exam- ple of Impleader 386
Ⅵ.Collective or Representative Actions 390
Ⅶ.Aggregation of Cases Within a Judicial System: Examples From England, Japan, and the United States 428
Chapter 9.Finality and Preclusion 435
Ⅰ.Introduction 435
Ⅱ.Preclusion Doctrine as Applied by National Courts 438
Chapter 10.Enforcement of Judgments 463
Ⅰ.Introduction 463
Ⅱ.Agents Responsible for Execution 463
Ⅲ.The Concept of “Execution Title” in Civil Law 467
Ⅳ.Enforcement of Money Claims and Non-Money Claims Com- pared 472
Ⅴ.Proceedings for Execution of Money Claims 480
Ⅵ.Relief From Execution 496
Ⅶ.Concluding Note 503
Chapter 11.Transnational Litigation 504
Ⅰ.Introduction 504
Ⅱ.Forum Access: Jurisdiction 505
Ⅲ.Forum Access: Forum Non Conveniens/Lis Pendens 529
Ⅳ.Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments 532
Chapter 12.Harmonization of Civil Procedure: Prospects and Perils 562
Ⅰ.Introduction 562
Ⅱ.Is Harmonization Desirable? 563
Ⅲ.Treaties as Instruments of Harmonization 578
Ⅳ.Current Trends 589
INDEX 599