CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 17
Protoplasm 17
Water of Tissues 18
Inorganic and Organic Constituents 18
Classification of Biological Elements 19
Isotopes 20
CHAPTER 2 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 21
Law of Mass Action 21
Hydrogen Ion and Hydroxyl Ion Concentration 22
Buffers 24
Indicators 25
Indicator Method of Determining Hydrogen Ion Concentration 26
Titratable Acidity 28
The Colloidal State 30
Types of Colloids 31
Electrical Charges on Colloids 31
Surface Reactions of Colloids 33
Surface Tension 34
Gas Laws 35
Diffusion,Osmosis,and Dialysis 36
Membranes in the Animal Body 39
Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium 39
Viscosity 41
Emulsions 41
Ion Exchange Resins 41
Chromatography 42
CHAPTER 3 CARBOHYDRATES 44
Classification 44
Monosaccharides 44
Disaccharides 45
Polysaccharides 45
Structure of the Monosaccharides 45
The Asymmetric Carbon 46
Specific Rotation 50
Sugars as Reducing Agents 51
Formation of Osazones 52
Desoxysugars 54
Action of Alkalies on Sugars 54
Action of Acids on Sugars 55
Glycosides 56
Mutarotation and the Structure of the Monosaccharides 57
Structure of Disaccharides 58
Monosaccharide Phosphates 59
Fermentation 60
Monosaccharides 61
Disaccharides 64
Sweetness of Sugars 65
Polysaccharides 66
Carbohydrate Derivatives 72
CHAPTER 4 LIPIDS 75
Fats 76
Physical Properties of Fats 78
Hydrolysis of Fats 78
Glycerol 79
Soaps 79
Unsaturation 82
Rancidity 82
Identification of Fats and Oils 83
Essential Fatty Acids 84
Waxes 85
Sterols 85
Cholesterol 87
Other Important Sterols 88
Phospholipids 90
Lecithins 90
Cephalins 91
Sphilgomyelins 92
Cardiolipins 92
Glycolipids 93
CHAPTER 5 PROTEINS 95
Classification 96
Simple Proteins 96
Compound Proteins 97
Derived Proteins 97
Occurrence and Properties of the Proteins 98
General Properties of Proteins 102
Amino Acids 104
Peptide Linkage 110
Isoelectric Point 111
Denaturation and Coagulation 115
Nutritional Importance of Proteins 118
CHAPTER 6 TISSTES 128
The Ceil 128
General Composition of Tissues 131
Epidermal Tissues 132
Connective Tissues 133
Bone 135
Bone Formation 136
Bone Marrow 138
Teeth 138
Adipose Tissue 140
Nervous Tissue 140
Muscle Tissue 143
CHAPTER 7 MILK 148
General Composition of Milk and Factors Modifying It 148
Species 149
Individual Variations,Age 150
Period of Lactation 150
Diet 151
Physical and Mental Conditions,etc 152
Fractions of a Single Nursing 152
Composition of Human and Cow＇s Milk 152
Physical Characteristics and Reaction 153
Lactose 153
Proteins 154
Lipids 156
Ash 157
Vitamins 157
Nutritive Importance of Milk 162
CHAPTER 8 BLOOD 164
Functions 164
General Composition 165
Physical Characteristics 166
Blood Plasma 167
Albumin and Globulin 169
Red Blood Cells 175
Hemoglobin 176
White Blood Cells 184
Platelets 184
Blood Coagulation 184
Anemias 194
Blood Transfusion and Blood Substitution 196
Lymph 200
Other Body Fluids 201
Cerebrospinal Fluid 201
Semen 202
Transudates and Exudates 202
Medicolegal Tests for Blood 203
CHAPTER 9 ENZYMES 206
History of Enzyme Chemistry 206
Preparation of Material 207
Chemical Nature of Enzymes 208
Terminology of Enzymes 208
Classification 210
Specificity 211
Factors Influencing Enzyme Action 212
Reversibility and Synthetic Action 215
Inhibitors and Activators 216
CHAPTER 10 DIGESTION 219
Saliva 219
Functions of Saliva 221
Enzymes of Saliva 221
Gastric Digestion 222
Gastric Juice 223
Hydrochloric Acid 224
Enzymes 227
Digestion in the Small Intestine 230
Reaction of the Intestine 231
Pancreatic Juice 231
Intestinal Juice 234
Bile 235
CHAPTER 11 CHEMICAL CHANGES WITHIN THE LARGE INTESTINE 245
General Character of Feces of Adult 246
Action of Microorganisms on Carbohydrates and Fats 247
Fecal Lipids 247
Action of Microorganisms on Proteins 248
The Question of Autointoxication 250
CHAPTER 12 VITAMINS 254
Historical 254
The Fat-Soluble Vitamins 257
Vitamin A 257
Vitamin D 264
Vitamin E 272
Vitamin K 274
The Water-Soluble Vitamins 277
Vitamin C 278
The Vitamin B Complex 285
Vitamin B1 286
The Heal-Stable B Vitamins 289
Riboflavin 289
Niacin(Nicotinic Acid) 291
Pyridoxine 293
Pantothenic Acid 295
Biotin 298
Para-Aminobenzoic Acid 298
Pteroyl-glutamic Acid(＂Folic Acid＂) 300
Vitamin B12 302
Other Essential Nutritional Factors 304
Choline 304
Inositoi 305
α-Lipoic Acid 306
Biosynthesis of Vitamins 306
Subacute and Multiple Avitaminoses 306
Vitamins in Daily Life 308
Vitamins as Drugs 308
Conditioned Vitamin Deficiencies 309
CHAPTER 13 FOODS 314
The Energy Factor 314
The Protein Factor 315
The Carbohydrate Factor 319
The Fat Factor 320
The Mineral Factor 321
Acid-and Base-Forming Properties of Foods 323
Vitamins in Food 324
Recommended Dietary Allowances 325
Preservation of Foods 328
Food Allergy 330
Diet Therapy 331
Unbalanced and Incomplete Diets 338
CHAPTER 14 PHYSIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS 341
Oxidations 341
Energy Relationships 342
Respiratory Enzymes and Carriers 346
Hydrogen Activation 346
The Coenzymes 346
Flavoproteins 348
The Cytochromes 349
Other Possible Agents 351
Peroxidases and Catalases 353
Energy Production and Utilization 353
Oxidative Decarboxylations 356
CHAPTER 15 NITROGEN METABOLISM 362
Absorption 362
General Path of the Amino Acids in the Body 363
Nitrogen Balance 364
Uses of Amino Acids 365
Urea Formation 371
Ammonia Formation 374
Metabolism of Some Individual Amino Acids 376
Creatine and Creatinine 393
Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism 396
Synthesis of Purines and Pyrimidines 402
Clinical Uses of Amino Acids 405
Essential Amino Acids 406
CHAPTER 16 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 412
Absorption 413
The Blood Sugar 414
Glycogen Formation in the Liver 415
Phosphorylation and Phosphorolysis 415
Glycogenolysis in the Liver 417
Glycogenesis in Muscle 419
Glycogenolysis in Muscle 419
Utilization of Glucose 420
Carbohydrate Metabolism in Striated Muscle Contraction 421
Fate of Lactic Acid and of Pyruvie Acid 425
Carbohydrate Metabolism in Heart Muscle 429
Carbohydrate Metabolism in Nervous Tissue 430
Metabolism of Pentoses 430
Abnormal Carbohydrate Metabolism 431
Insulin 434
Action of Insulin 436
Influence of Other Endocrine Glands Upon Carbohydrate Metabolism 442
CHAPTER 17 LIPID METABOLISM 446
Physiological Value of Fats 446
Absorption of Fat 446
Fat From Carbohydrates and Proteins 448
Transport of Fat 448
Changes Occurring in the Liver 449
Fate of Fat in the Body 450
Storage of Fats 450
Oxidation of Fatty Acids 454
Ketogenesis 459
Ketosis 460
Ketogenic and Antiketogenic Substances 461
Essential Fatty Acids 463
Rancidity of Fat 464
Metabolism of Lecithin 464
Metabolism of Cholesterol 465
Abnormalities of Lipid Metabolism 468
CHAPTER 18 MINERAL METABOLISM AND WATER BALANCE 472
The Mineral Composition of the Body 472
Calcium and Phosphorus 474
Magnesium 478
Iron 478
Iodine 482
Sodium,Potassium,and Chlorine 486
Water Balance 489
Pathways of Salts and Water 489
General Distribution of Body Fluids 489
Electrolyte Content of Body Fluids 491
Intake of Water 494
Output of Water and Salts 494
Pathological Dehydration and Related Conditions 498
CHAPTER 19 URINE 505
General Characteristics 505
General Composition of Urine 512
Pathological Constituents 523
Inborn Errors of Metabolism 531
CHAPTER 20 THE CHEMISTRY OF RESPIRATION AND ACID-BASE BALANCE 534
Flow of Respiratory Gases 534
The Carriage of Oxygen 535
The Carriage of Carbon Dioxide 537
The Chloride Shift 538
Acid-Base Balance 542
The Buffer Systems of the Blood 543
The Role of the Kidney 545
Acidosis and Alkalosis 548
Disturbances in Acid-Base Balance 549
CHAPTER 21 ENERGY METABOLISM 552
Heat Regulation of the Body 552
Measurement of Heat 554
The Respiratory Quotient 556
Metabolism of Ethyl Alcohol 559
Basal Metabolism 560
Normal Influences 566
Pathological Influences 568
Specific Dynamic Action of Foods 570
Influence of Muscular Work Upon Total Metabolism 572
Influence of Mental Work Upon Total Metabolism 573
Influence of Sleep 573
Total Heat Production 573
Metabolism of Children 574
Practical Considerations 575
CHAPTER 22 CHANGES IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BLOOD 577
General Composition of Blood 577
Glucose 580
Nonprotein Nitrogenous Constituents 582
Total Nonprotein Nitrogen 582
Blood Urea 583
Uric Acid 584
Creatinine 586
Cholesterol 587
Proteins 589
Hemoglobin 589
Albumins,Globulins,and Fibrinogen 591
Calcium and Phosphorus 593
Sodium and Potassium 594
Chloride 594
Iodine 595
Carbon Dioxide Combining Power 595
pH 596
Bile Pigments 596
Enzymes 598
CHAPTER 23 HORMONES 601
Hormones of the Gastrointestinal Tract 601
Insulin 602
Epinephrine 604
Adrenal Cortex 606
Thyroid Gland 614
The Parathroid Glands 619
The Pituitary Gland 620
The Posterior Pituitary Lobe 621
The Anterior Pituitary Lobe 623
Chorionic Gonadotrophin 631
Ovarian Hormones 631
Corpus Luteum Hormone 633
The Testicular Hormone 635
CHAPTER 24 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE IN RELATION TO BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA 642
Detoxication 643
Biochemical Antagonism 649
CHAPTER 25 RECENT CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 656
Liver Function Tests 656
Kidney Function Tests 657
Pancreatic Function Test 660
Blood Pressure 660
Dental Caries 661
Biochemistry of Inflammation 663
The Biochemistry of Tumors 663
Acid Phosphatase and the Prostate Gland 668
Penicillin and Other Antibiotics 668
The Sulfa Drugs 673
Radioactive Isotopes 676
Enzymes and Enzyme Inhibitors 676
Cortisone and ACTH in Rheumatoid Arthritis 679
Pyrogens 680
APPENDIX APPENDIX 685
Color Plates 278
Ⅰ．Gingivitis in latent scurvy 278
Ⅱ．Pitting edema of the leg in thiamine deficiency 286
Ⅲ．Cheilitis and photophobia following vitamin B complex deficiency 290
Ⅳ．Early glossitis of vitamin B complex deficiency 290
Ⅴ．Results of severe niacin deficiency 292