Ⅰ Introduction to the TRIPS Agreement 1
A Introduction 1
1 General 1
2 Historical and legal background to TRIPS 4
3 Place of TRIPS in the World Trade Organization 8
4 Overview of TRIPS provisions 10
(a) General provisions and basic principles 10
(b) Standards concerning the availability,scope and use of intellectual property rights 10
(c) Enforcement 12
(d) Certain other matters 12
B General provisions and basic principles of the TRIPS Agreement 12
1 Objectives and principles 12
2 Minimum standards agreement 13
3 Beneficiaries 14
(a) Industrial property 14
(b) Copyright 15
(c) Performers 15
(d) Producers of phonograms 15
(e) Broadcasting organizations 15
4 National treatment and most-favoured-nation treatment 16
5 Exhaustion 18
C Procedures for the acquisition and maintenance of intellectual property rights 20
D Transitional arrangements and other matters 21
1 Transition periods 21
(a) Developed countries and non-discrimination (all Members) 21
(b) Developing countries and economies in transition 21
(c) Least-developed countries 22
(d) Acceding countries 23
2 Protection of existing subject matter 23
(a) Application of the rules 23
(b) Additional requirements in respect of pre-existing works and phonograms 24
3 Transfer of technology 24
4 Technical cooperation 25
5 Security exceptions 26
E Institutional arrangements 26
1 Decision-making procedures 27
2 The work of the Council for TRIPS 30
(a) Notifications 30
(b) Review of national laws and regulations 32
(c) Forum for consultations 32
(d) Forum for further negotiation or review 33
(e) Cooperation with the World Intellectual Property Organization 34
Ⅱ Copyright and related rights 36
A Introduction 36
1 General 36
2 What are copyright and related rights? 36
3 What is the relationship of the TRIPS Agreement with the pre-existing provisions of the Berne and Rome Conventions? 37
B TRIPS provisions on copyright 39
1 What is the subject matter to be protected? 39
(a) 'Literary and artistic works' 39
(Ⅰ) Computer programs 39
(Ⅱ) Databases 40
(b) Derivative works 40
(c) Certain other categories of works 41
(d) Certain principles governing eligibility for copyright protection 41
(Ⅰ) Idea/expression dichotomy 41
(Ⅱ) Originality 41
(Ⅲ) Automatic protection 42
(Ⅳ) Independence of protection 43
2 What are the rights to be conferred on authors? 43
(a) General 43
(b) Reproduction right 44
(c) Rental right 44
(d) Rights of public performance,broadcasting and communication to the public 44
(e) Rights of translation and adaptation 45
(f) Moral rights 46
3 What are the permissible limitations and exceptions? 46
4 Term of protection 48
C TRIPS provisions on related rights 51
1 Relevant rights under the TRIPS Agreement 52
(a) Performers 52
(b) Producers of phonograms 52
(c) Broadcasting organizations 52
2 Limitations and exceptions 53
3 Term of protection 53
Ⅲ Trademarks 54
A Introduction 54
1 General 54
2 What is the role of trademarks? 54
3 What is the relationship of the TRIPS Agreement with the pre-existing provisions of the Paris Convention? 56
B TRIPS provisions on trademarks 57
1 What is the subject matter to be protected and what are the conditions for registration? 57
(a) Subject matter of trademark protection 57
(Ⅰ) Distinctive signs 57
(Ⅱ) Trade names 59
(Ⅲ) Collective marks and certification marks 59
(b) Conditions for registration as a trademark 60
(Ⅰ) Priority 60
(Ⅱ) Publishing requirement 60
(Ⅲ) Reasons which may not constitute grounds for refusal of trademark registrations 61
(Ⅳ) Reasons which may constitute grounds for refusal of trademark registrations 63
(Ⅴ) Reasons which must constitute grounds for refusal or invalidation of trademark registration in Members 63
2 What are the rights to be conferred on trademark owners? 66
(a) General 66
(b) Trademark rights 66
(c) Rights with respect to well-known trademarks 69
(d) Licensing and assignment of rights 71
(e) Other requirements 71
3 What are the permissible exceptions to trademark rights? 72
(a) Permissible exceptions 72
(b) No compulsory licensing permitted 73
4 Term of protection 75
Ⅳ Geographical indications 76
A Introduction 76
1 General 76
2 Background 76
3 What is the relationship with the pre-existing provisions of the Paris Convention? 77
B TRIPS provisions on GIs 78
1 What is the subject matter to be protected? 78
(a) TRIPS definition of geographical indications 78
(b) Elements of the Article 22.1 definition 78
(Ⅰ) It is a sign 79
(Ⅱ) Function of identification 79
(Ⅲ) Subject matter of identification 79
(Ⅳ) The geographical origin identified by the geographical indication 80
(Ⅴ)Quality,reputation,or other characteristics essentially due to the geographical origin 80
(c) Geographical indications,indications of source,rules of origin,appellations of origin and trademarks 80
(Ⅰ) Geographical indications and indications of source 83
(Ⅱ) Geographical indications and rules of origin 83
(Ⅲ) Geographical indications and appellations of origin 83
(Ⅳ) Geographical indications,trademarks and certification marks 83
(d) Right holders and eligible users 84
2 What are the conditions for getting protection? 84
3 Protection and rights conferred 85
(a) For geographical indications for all goods (Article 22) 85
(Ⅰ) Protection against use by others (Article 22.2) 85
(Ⅱ) Protection against use as a trademark (Article 22.3) 87
(Ⅲ) Factually true but misleading use (Article 22.4) 87
(b) Additional protection for geographical indications for wines and spirits (Article 23) 88
(Ⅰ) Protection against use by others (Article 23.1) 89
(Ⅱ) Protection against use as a trademark (Article 23.2) 90
(Ⅲ) Homonymous geographical indications for wines (Article 23.3) 90
(Ⅳ) Negotiation of a multilateral register of geographical indications for wines (Article 23.4) 90
4 Exceptions and international negotiations 91
(a) Exceptions 91
(Ⅰ) Generic terms (Article 24.6) 91
(Ⅱ) Prior trademark rights (Article 24.5) 92
(Ⅲ) Prior use of the geographical indication (Article 24.4) 92
(Ⅳ) Time limit to challenge trademarks under Article 22.3 and Article 23.2 (Article 24.7) 93
(Ⅴ)Use by a person of his name (Article 24.8) 93
(vi) GIs not protected in their country of origin or which have fallen into disuse in their country (Article 24.9) 93
(b) International negotiations,review and standstill 94
(Ⅰ) International negotiations (Article 24.1) 94
(Ⅱ) Standstill (Article 24.3) 94
V Patents 95
A Introduction 95
1 What are patents? 95
2 What is the relationship with the pre-existing provisions of the Paris Convention? 96
B TRIPS provisions on patents 97
1 What is the subject matter to be protected by patents? 97
(a) In which areas must inventions be eligible for protection? 97
(b) What conditions must inventions meet to be eligible for patent protection? 98
(Ⅰ) Novelty,inventive step and industrial applicability 98
(Ⅱ) Disclosure 100
(Ⅲ) What are the permissible exclusions from patentable subject matter? 102
(Ⅳ) Review of Article 27.3(b) 104
(Ⅴ)Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the protection of traditional knowledge and folklore 104
2 What are the rights to be conferred on patent owners? 105
(a) What are the rights to be conferred on owners of product patents? 105
(b) What are the rights to be conferred on owners of process patents? 105
(Ⅰ) Rights of process patent owners 105
(Ⅱ) Burden of proof 106
(c) Non-discrimination with respect to enjoyment of patent rights 107
(Ⅰ) The place of invention 107
(Ⅱ) The field of technology 107
(Ⅲ) Whether products are imported or locally produced 107
(d) What other rights do patent owners have? 108
3 What are the permissible exceptions to patent rights? 108
(a) Limited exceptions 108
(b) Compulsory licences 109
4 What is the minimum period of protection to be accorded? 114
(a) Term of protection 114
(b) Revocation 115
Ⅵ Industrial designs,layout-designs of integrated circuits,undisclosed information,anti-competitive practices 116
A Introduction 116
B Industrial designs 116
1 What is an industrial design? 117
2 What has to be eligible for protection as an industrial design? 117
(a) General formalities for the protection of industrial designs 118
(Ⅰ) Formalities 118
(Ⅱ) Priority 118
(b) Provisions regarding formalities for industrial designs in the textile sector 118
3 What are the rights to be conferred on an owner of a protected industrial design? 119
4 What are the permissible exceptions to the rights conferred? 120
5 How long does the protection of an industrial design have to last? 120
C Layout-designs (topographies) of integrated circuits 121
1 What is a layout-design (topography) of an integrated circuit? 121
2 What has to be eligible for protection as a layout-design of an integrated circuit? 122
3 What are the rights to be conferred on the owner of a protected layout-design? 123
4 What are the permissible limitations and exceptions to the rights conferred? 124
(a) Reproduction for private or research purposes 124
(b) Parallel creation 124
(c) Innocent infringement 124
(d) Exhaustion 125
(e) Compulsory licensing 125
5 How long does the protection of a layout-design have to last? 125
D Undisclosed information 126
1 Undisclosed information (trade secrets) 126
2 Undisclosed test and other data 128
E Control of anti-competitive practices in contractual licences 129
1 Introduction 129
2 Overview of the relevant provisions of the TRIPS Agreement 131
Ⅶ Enforcement 135
A Introduction 135
1 Background 135
2 What is IPR enforcement? 136
3 Application of basic principles 137
4 What is the relationship of the TRIPS Agreement with pre-existing provisions in other conventions and treaties? 138
B General obligations 138
C Civil and administrative procedures and remedies 140
1 Fair and equitable procedures 140
2 Evidence 141
3 Remedies 141
(a) Injunctions 141
(b) Damages 142
(c) Other remedies 142
4 Right of information 143
5 Indemnification of the defendant 143
D Provisional measures 144
1 Why and what type of provisional measures? 144
2 Procedural requirements and safeguards against abuse 144
E Border measures 146
1 Scope and coverage 146
(a) Mandatory coverage of pirated copyright goods and counterfeit trademark goods 146
(b) Optional coverage 147
2 Procedural requirements and safeguards against abuse 148
(a) Application,including evidence and description of goods 148
(b) Notice of suspension 149
(c) Duration of suspension 149
(d) Posting of security/payment of compensation 149
3 Right of inspection and information 150
4 Remedies 150
5 Special rules for ex officio action 151
F Criminal procedures 151
1 Scope and coverage 151
2 Remedies 151
(a) Measures and intellectual property rights at issue 152
(b) Summary of key Panel findings 152
G Cooperation and contact points 153
1 Cooperation between Members 153
2 Contact points 154
Ⅷ Dispute prevention and settlement 155
A Introduction 155
B Dispute prevention and the review of national implementing legislation 156
C Dispute settlement 157
1 General 157
2 Non-violation and situation complaints 159
D Description of the dispute settlement procedures 161
1 Consultations between the parties 161
2 Panel examination 163
3 Appellate review 163
4 Adoption of the Panel/Appellate report(s) and implementation 164
E Experience in the area of TRIPS 166
1 A guide to resources 176
Ⅸ TRIPS and public health 179
A Introduction 179
B Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health 180
1 Concerns that triggered the discussions 180
2 Scope 180
3 General statements 181
4 Clarification of flexibilities 181
5 Transfer of technology 182
6 Follow-up 183
C Paragraph 6 System 184
1 The issue 184
2 The solution:establishment of the Paragraph 6 System 184
3 Description of the System 186
(a) Scope and coverage 186
(b) Eligible importing Members 187
(c) Exporting Members 187
(d) Notifications 187
(e) Safeguards against diversion 188
(f) Avoidance of double remuneration 189
(g) The special case of regional trade agreements 190
4 Chairman's statement 190
5 Domestic implementing legislation 191
6 Use of the Paragraph 6 System 193
7 Review of the Paragraph 6 System's functioning 193
D Access to medicines:the broader picture 194
Ⅹ Current TRIPS issues 196
A Introduction 196
1 Current issues 196
2 The mandates for work on TRIPS issues 198
B Current issues 200
1 Geographical indications 200
(a) Background 200
(b) The multilateral register for wines and spirits 202
(c) Extending the 'higher level of protection' beyond wines and spirits 204
2 The 'triplets':biotechnology,traditional knowledge,biodiversity 205
(a) Article 27.3(b) review 205
(b) Traditional knowledge and folklore 206
(c) Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity 207
3 Non-violation complaints 210
4 Least-developed countries and TRIPS 210
5 The TRIPS Agreement and transfer of technology 212
6 Electronic commerce 213
C The TRIPS Agreement in other multilateral policy processes 214
1 The TRIPS Agreement and public health beyond the World Trade Organization 214
2 TRIPS and human rights 216
3 TRIPS and development issues 217
4 Intellectual property and competition policy 218
5 TRIPS and environmental agreements 218
Appendix 1 Guide to TRIPS notifications 220
A General 220
B Relevant notification procedures 222
1 Notification of laws and regulations under Article 63.2 222
(a) Procedures for the notification of laws and regulations 222
(b) Availability of the information received 225
2 Notifications of contact points under Article 69 226
3 Notification requirements for Members availing themselves of certain possibilities under the TRIPS Agreement 227
(a) Articles 1.3 and 3.1 227
(b) Article 4(d) 228
(c) Article 6ter of the Paris Convention 228
(d) Other notification requirements under the Berne Convention and the Rome Convention incorporated by reference into the TRIPS Agreement 229
4 Notification requirements for Members making use of the additional flexibilities relating to TRIPS and public health 232
5 Notification requirements for developed country Members agreed by the TRIPS Council in the context of Articles 66.2 and 67 234
(a) Reports under Article 66.2 234
(b) Contact points for technical cooperation and reports under Article 67 235
(Ⅰ) Contact points for technical cooperation on TRIPS 235
(Ⅱ) Reports under Article 67 235
6 Certain other information flows 236
(a) Records of reviews of national implementing legislation 236
(b) Responses provided in the context of the review of the provisions of the Section on geographical indications under Article 24.2 237
(c) Responses provided in the context of the review of the provisions of Article 27.3(b) 237
Appendix 2 Guide to TRIPS documents 239
A General 239
B TRIPS notifications 241
C Reviews of national legislation 241
D Dispute settlement 243
E Reports and decisions 243
F Minutes 243
G Working documents 244
H Documents of the Council for TRIPS in special session 245
Annexes 246
1 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) 1994 247
2 Provisions of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1967) referred to in the TRIPS Agreement 289
3 Provisions of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1971) referred to in the TRIPS Agreement 308
4 Provisions of the International Convention for the Protection of Performers,Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (the Rome Convention) (1961) referred to in the TRIPS Agreement 337
5 Provisions of the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits (1989) ('Washington Treaty') referred to in the TRIPS Agreement 343
6 Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (2001) 350
7 Decision on Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (2003) 352
8 Decision on Amendment of the TRIPS Agreement (2005) 359
9 Decision on Extension of the Transition Period under Article 66 1 of the TRIPS Agreement for Least-Developed Country Members for Certain Obligations with Respect to Pharmaceutical Products (2002) 367
10 Decision on Extension of the Transition Period under Article 66.1 for Least-Developed Country Members (2005) 368
Index 371