1 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS&Kevin Hugo 1
1.1 Studying Biomedical Engineering 2
1.1.1 Scales of Biological Organization 2
1.1.2 Fields of Biomedical Engineering 3
1.1.3 Fields of Biological Science 5
1.1.4 Workplace Environments for Biomedical Engineers 6
1.2 The Need for Bioinstrumentation 6
1.2.1 The Scientific Method 6
1.2.2 Clinical diagnoses 7
1.2.3 Feedback in Measurement Systems 7
1.3 Instrumentation 8
1.3.1 Measurands 8
1.3.2 Sensors 9
1.3.3 System Characteristics 11
1.3.4 Outputs 14
1.3.5 Panels and Series 15
1.4 Errors in Measurements 15
1.4.1 Sources of Error 15
1.4.2 Accuracy and Precision 16
1.4.3 Calibration 17
1.5 Statistics 18
1.5.1 Distributions 18
1.5.2 Statistical Estimations 21
1.5.3 Hypothesis Testing 22
1.6 Lifelong Learning 25
1.7 Problems 26
1.8 References 27
2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRONICS&Hong Cao 28
2.1 Electronic Components and Circuit Analysis 28
2.1.1 Current 28
2.1.2 Voltage and Potential 30
2.1.3 Resistors and Ohm’s Law 30
2.1.4 Basic Circuit Analysis 34
2.1.5 Attenuators 38
2.1.6 Common Electrical Instruments 40
2.1.7 Capacitors 43
2.1.8 Inductors 45
2.1.9 First-Order Systems 47
2.1.10 Frequency 50
2.1.11 Series and Parallel Impedances 55
2.1.12 Electrical Safety 56
2.2 Amplifiers 56
2.2.1 Basic Op Amp 57
2.2.2 Ideal Op Amp 57
2.2.3 Inverter 58
2.2.4 Noninverting Amplifier 59
2.2.5 Differential Amplifiers 61
2.2.6 Comparators 63
2.2.7 Frequency Response 64
2.3 Filters 65
2.3.1 Input—Output Relationship of Filters 66
2.3.2 Low-pass Filter 67
2.3.3 High-Pass Filter 68
2.3.4 Other Filters 69
2.3.5 Timers 70
2.4 Analog-to-Digital （ADC） and Digital-to-Analog （DAC） Conversion 71
2.4.1 Number Systems 72
2.4.2 Digital-to-Analog Converters （DAC） 74
2.4.3 Analog-to-Digital Converters （ADC） 76
2.5 Digital Signal Processing 79
2.5.1 Digital Signals 79
2.5.2 Sampling Theorem 80
2.6 Microcomputers 81
2.6.1 Structure of a Microcomputer 81
2.6.2 Microprocessor-Based Systems 83
2.7 Software and Programming Languages 84
2.7.1 Operating System 85
2.7.2 Programming Languages 86
2.7.3 Algorithms 87
2.7.4 Database systems 87
2.8 Display Devices 88
2.9 Recording Devices 89
2.10 Problems 90
2.11 References 91
3 ANALYSIS OF MOLECULES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE&Mat Klein 91
3.1 Spectrophotometry 91
3.1.1 Components 91
3.1.2 Theory 91
3.1.3 Calibration 95
3.1.4 Clinical Laboratory Tests 95
3.1.5 Microdialysis 95
3.2 Oxygen Saturation 96
3.3 Bilirubin 97
3.4 Lactate 98
3.5 Creatinine 98
3.6 Urea 99
3.7 Glucose 100
3.7.1 Glucose Oxidase Method 101
3.7.2 Hexokinase method 102
3.8 Amperometric Biosensors for Oxygen and Glucose 102
3.8.1 Oxygen （PO2） 102
3.8.2 Glucose 104
3.9 Ion-selective Electrodes for pH and CO2 106
3.10 Flame Photometry 108
3.10.1 Lithium 109
3.10.2 Sodium and Potassium 109
3.11 Mass Spectrometry 109
3.11.1 Sample Inlet 110
3.11.2 Ion Source 110
3.11.3 Mass Analyzer 112
3.11.4 Detector 113
3.12 Carbon Dioxide Concentration Measurement by Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy 113
3.13 Nitrogen by Emission Spectrometry 114
3.14 Drugs by Fluorometry and Chromatography 115
3.14.1 Fluorometry 115
3.14.2 Chromatography 117
3.14.3 Gas Chromatography 118
3.14.4 Liquid Chromatography 121
3.14.5 Ion Exchange Chromatography 121
3.15 Electrophoresis 122
3.15.1 Components of an Electrophoretic System 122
3.15.2 Electrophoretic Mobility 124
3.16 DNA Sequencing 125
3.17 Problems 127
3.18 References 128
4 SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION IN BIOMATERIALS AND TISSUE ENGINEERING&Jorge E.Monzon 129
4.1 Molecules and Biomaterials 129
4.1.1 Integrated Approach 130
4.1.2 Types of Biomaterials 130
4.1.3 Polymers 131
4.2 Molecules and Tissue Engineering 134
4.2.1 Tissue Engineering 134
4.2.2 Cellular Composites 134
4.3 Surface Analysis 135
4.3.1 Topography 136
4.3.2 Chemical Composition 147
4.3.3 Polymer—water Interface 158
4.4 Protein Adsorption 159
4.4.1 Protein Molecule 160
4.4.2 Protein Adsorption Fundamentals 161
4.4.3 Protein Adsorption Measurements 161
4.5 Molecular Size 163
4.6 Problems 166
4.7 References 167
5 HEMATOLOGY&Susanne Clark Cazzanti 170
5.1 Blood Components and Processing 170
5.1.1 Components of Blood 171
5.1.2 Basic Techniques 171
5.1.3 Blood Collection 171
5.1.4 Centrifugal Method 173
5.2 Red Blood Cells 174
5.2.1 Factors Affecting Red Blood Cell Count 175
5.2.2 Hematocrit 175
5.2.3 Hemoglobin 175
5.2.4 Red Blood Cell Indices 175
5.2.5 Red Blood Cell Count 176
5.2.6 Hemoglobin 182
5.2.7 Reticulocyte Count 183
5.2.8 Sickle Cell Test 184
5.3 White Blood Cells 184
5.3.1 Differential White Blood Cell Counts 184
5.4 Platelets 186
5.4.1 Phase Hemocytometer 186
5.5 Complete Blood Count 188
5.6 Problems 188
5.7 References 189
6 CELLULAR MEASUREMENTS IN BIOMATERIALS AND TISSUE ENGINEERING&Jeffrey S.Schowalter 190
6.1 Cell Measurement Overview 190
6.1.1 What Is a Cell？ 190
6.1.2 Fixed Versus Live Cells 192
6.2 Light Microscopy 194
6.2.1 Resolution Versus Magnifiication 195
6.2.2 Light Microscope Modes 197
6.2.3 Electronic Microscopy 202
6.2.4 Cellular Markers 203
6.2.5 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy 207
6.2.6 Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy 208
6.2.7 Image Processing 209
6.3 Cell Orientation 210
6.3.1 Orientation Chamber 211
6.3.2 Video enhanced contrast microscopy 211
6.4 Cell-rolling Velocity 211
6.5 Cell Pore Size Determination 213
6.5.1 TEM 214
6.5.2 SEM 214
6.6 Cell Deformation 215
6.6.1 Micropipet Technique 215
6.6.2 Optical Trapping 215
6.7 Cell Shear Stress 216
6.7.1 Cone and Plate 216
6.7.2 Fluorescent Ratiometric Imaging 217
6.8 Cell Adhesion 218
6.8.1 Laser Trap 218
6.8.2 Interferometry 218
6.8.3 SEM 218
6.9 Cell Migration 219
6.9.1 4-D Image Processing System 219
6.10 Cell Uptake 219
6.10.1 Nanovid Microscopy 219
6.10.2 Electroporation 220
6.11 Cell Protein Secretion 220
6.11.1 Atomic Force Microscopy 220
6.11.2 Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging 220
6.11.3 Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching 221
6.12 Cell Proliferation 222
6.12.1 Radiation Monitoring 223
6.12.2 Fluorescence Microscopy 223
6.13 Cell Differentiation 223
6.13.1 Fluorescence Ratio Imaging 224
6.13.2 Cell Sorter 224
6.14 Cell Signaling and Regulation 225
6.14.1 Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization （FISH） 225
6.14.2 Radioactive Labeling 226
6.15 Problems 227
6.16 References 228
7 NERVOUS SYSTEM&Jang-Zern Tsai 228
7.1 Cell Potential 229
7.1.1 Resting Potential 229
7.1.2 Action Potential 229
7.2 Brain，EEG，and Evoked Potentials 230
7.2.1 Anatomy and Function of the Brain 230
7.2.2 Electroencephalography （EEG） 231
7.2.3 Evoked Potentials 233
7.3 Brain Imaging：X ray 237
7.4 Brain Imaging：CT 238
7.5 Brain Imaging：MRI 238
7.6 Brain Imaging：Nuclear Imaging 239
7.7 Brain Imaging：Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography （SPECT） 241
7.8 Brain Imaging：Positron Emission Tomography （PET） 241
7.9 Brain Imaging：Biomagnetism 242
7.10 Eye，ERG，EOG，and Visual Field 244
7.10.1 Electroretinogram （ERG） 244
7.10.2 Electro-Oculogram （EOG） 245
7.10.3 Visual Field 246
7.10.4 Eye Pressure 247
7.10.5 Ophthalmoscopy 248
7.11 Ears and Audiometry 250
7.11.1 The Ears 250
7.11.2 Audiometry 251
7.11.3 Otoscopy 252
7.12 Muscles 252
7.12.1 Muscle Contraction，Length and Force 252
7.12.2 Electromyography （EMG） 256
7.12.3 Neuromuscular Performance 257
7.13 Problems 258
7.14 References 259
8 HEART AND CIRCULATION&Supan Tungjitkusolmun 262
8.1 Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology 262
8.1.1 Heart Valves 263
8.1.2 Cardiac Cycle 265
8.1.3 Cardiac Excitation and Control 266
8.2 Cardiac Biopotentials 267
8.2.1 Electrodes 267
8.2.2 Electrocardiogram 267
8.2.3 Electrograms 273
8.3 Cardiac Pressures 274
8.3.1 Strain Gage 274
8.3.2 Catheter 275
8.4 Cardiac Output 276
8.4.1 Fick Method 277
8.4.2 Thermodilution 278
8.4.3 Dye Dilution 279
8.4.4 Radionuclide Angiography 280
8.4.5 Echocardiography 280
8.4.6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging （MRI） 283
8.5 Cardiac Sounds 283
8.5.1 Stethoscopes 284
8.5.2 Microphones 284
8.6 Myocardial Viability 286
8.6.1 Positron Emission Tomography （PET） 286
8.6.2 Thallium-201 Imaging 288
8.6.3 Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography 288
8.7 Circulation 288
8.8 Blood Flow 289
8.8.1 Dilution 290
8.8.2 Electromagnetic Flowmeter 290
8.8.3 Ultrasonic Flowmeter 292
8.8.4 Laser-Doppler Flowmeter 292
8.9 Blood Pressure 294
8.9.1 Indirect Measurement 295
8.9.2 Direct Measurement 297
8.9.3 Arterial tonometry 297
8.10 Vessel Distension 297
8.10.1 Intravascular Ultrasound 298
8.10.2 Angiography 298
8.11 Vessel Volume Flow 298
8.11.1 Flow Visualization 299
8.11.2 Ultrasonic Sonography 299
8.11.3 Video Microscopy 300
8.12 Problems 300
8.13 References 301
9 LUNG，KIDNEY，BONE，AND SKIN&Shilpa Sawale 303
9.1 Lung 304
9.2 Pulmonary Volume 304
9.2.1 Measurement of Pulmonary Volume 306
9.3 Pulmonary Flow 310
9.3.1 Measurement of Pulmonary Flow 311
9.4 Pulmonary Diffusion 312
9.5 Pulmonary Airway Resistance 313
9.6 Kidney 313
9.7 Kidney Clearance 314
9.7.1 Creatinine 314
9.8 Kidney Imaging 315
9.8.1 Pyelogram 315
9.9 Hemodialysis 315
9.10 Peritoneal Dialysis 318
9.11 Kidney Function 321
9.11.1 Extracellular Water by Impedance 321
9.12 Bones and Joints 322
9.12.1 Bone Mineral Density 322
9.12.2 Stress and Strain 323
9.12.3 Strain Gage 326
9.12.4 LVDT 327
9.12.5 Soft Tissue Strain 328
9.12.6 Joint Friction 329
9.12.7 Bone Position 330
9.12.8 Bone Strain-Related Potentials 330
9.13 Skin 331
9.13.1 Water Loss 331
9.13.2 Color 334
9.14 Problems 336
9.15 References 337
10 BODY TEMPERATURE，HEAT，FAT，AND MOVEMENT&Chao-Min Wu 339
10.1 Regulation of Body Temperature 340
10.2 Clinical Temperature Measurement 342
10.2.1 Surface Temperature Measurement 342
10.2.2 Core Temperature Measurement 343
10.3 Measurement of Body Heat：Calorimetry 348
10.3.1 Direct Calorimetry 348
10.3.2 Indirect Calorimetry 352
10.4 Measurement of Body Fat 361
10.4.1 Direct Measurement of Body Fat 362
10.4.2 Indirect Measurement of Body Fat 366
10.5 Measurement of Body Movement 370
10.5.1 Goniometers and Accelerometers 371
10.5.2 Video and Optoelectronic Systems 372
10.6 Problems 374
10.7 References 375
INDEX 376