PART Ⅰ REFUGEES 1
Chapter Ⅰ DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION 1
1.Refugees 1
2.Refugees defined in international instruments 1922-46 2
3.Refugees for the purposes of the United Nations 4
（1） Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees （UNHCR） 5
（2） Development of the statutory definition and extension of the Mandate 6
4.Refugees in the sense of the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees 12
5.Regional and related instruments 13
6.Refugees in municipal law： some examples 14
7.Summary conclusions on the definition of the term ‘refugee’ for the purposes of general international law 17
Chapter Ⅱ DETERMINATION OF REFUGEE STATUS： ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION 20
1.Respective competence of UNHCR and of UNHCR ang of states parties to the Convention and Protocol 20
2.Determination of refugee status by UNHCR 21
3.Determination of refugee status by states 22
4.Analysis of the definition 24
（1） General matters 24
（2） Reasons for persecution 26
5.Persecution and lack of protection 38
（1） Protected interests 39
（2） The ways and means of persecution 40
（3） Lack of protection 45
Chapter Ⅲ LOSS AND DENIAL OF REFUGEE STATUS AND ITS BENEFITS 47
1.Voluntary acts of the individual 47
2.Change of circumstances 51
3.Protection or assistance by other states or United Nations agencies 52
（1） The country of first asylum principle 52
（2） Refugees receiving United Nations protection and assistance 56
（3） Other refugees not considered to require international protection 57
4.Undeserving cases 58
（1） Crimes against peace， war crimes， and crimes against humanity 59
（2） Serious non-political crimes 60
（3） Acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations 63
PART Ⅱ ASYLUM 69
Chapter Ⅳ NON-REFOULEMENT 69
1.Evolution of the principle 69
2.Relation of the principle of non-refoulement to particular issues 74
（1） Admission and non-rejection at the frontier 74
（2） Non-refoulement and extradition 78
（3） Non-refoulement and expulsion 82
（4） Illegal entry 83
（5） Measures not amounting to refoulement 84
（a） Stowaways 85
（b） Rescue at sea 87
（c） Arrival of asylum-seekers by boat 92
3.Exceptions to the principle of non-refoulement 95
4.The status of the principle of non-refoulement in general international law 97
Chapter Ⅴ THE CONCEPT OF ASYLUM 101
1.Introduction 101
2.Asylum in international conventions， other instruments， and acts， 1945- 70104
3.The decade of drafts， 1971-80， and after 109
4.Non-refoulement and asylum in cases of mass influx 114
5.Conclusions 121
PART Ⅲ PROTECTION 127
Chapter Ⅵ INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION 127
1.International institutions 127
（1） The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees （UNHCR） 129
（2） Relation of UNHCR to the General Assembly and its standing in general international law 131
2.Protection of refugees： standards of treatment deriving from general international law and treaty 136
（1） General international law 137
（2） State responsibility， treaties， and municipal law 140
Chapter Ⅶ TREATY STANDARDS 149
1.The 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees 149
（1） Required standards of treatment 151
（2） Standards applicable to refugees qua refugees 152
（a） The Convention Travel Document：Article 28154
（b） Treatment of refugees entering illegally：Article 31 158
（c） Expulsion of refugees： Article 32 159
（d） Non-refoulement： Article 33 160
（3） The criteria of entitlement to treatment in accordance with the Convention 160
（a） Simple presence 160
（b） Lawful presence 160
（c） Lawful residence 161
2.Refugees as the beneficiaries of other instruments， including regional agreements 163
Chapter Ⅷ PROTECTION IN MUNICIPAL LAW 165
1.Definition of refugees 166
2.Procedures for the determination of refugee status and the criteria for the grant of residence 166
（1） Australia 167
（a） Legal background 167
（b） Procedure 168
（c） Appeal 171
（2） Belgium 172
（a） Legal background 172
（b） Procedure 172
（c） Appeal 173
（3） France 173
（a） Legal background 173
（b） Procedure 174
（c） Appeal 175
（4） Federal Republic of Germany 177
（a） Legal background 177
（b） Procedure 178
（c） Appeal 179
（5） New Zealand 180
（a） Legal background 180
（b） Procedure 181
（c） Appeal 181
（6） United Kingdom 182
（a） Legal background 182
（b） Procedure 182
（c） Appeal 184
（7） United States of America 185
（a） Legal background 185
（b） Procedure 186
（c） Appeal 187
3.Summary of procedures in other selected states 189
（1） Algeria 189
（2） Austria 189
（3） Benin 190
（4） Botswana 190
（5） Canada 191
（6） Costa Rica 192
（7） Denmark 192
（8） Djibouti 193
（9） Gabon 193
（10） Greece 194
（11） Italy 194
（12） Lesotho 195
（13） Luxembourg 196
（14） Morocco 196
（15） Netherlands 197
（16） Norway 197
（17） Portugal 198
（18） Senegal 198
（19） Somalia 199
（20） Spain 199
（21） Swaziland 200
（22） Sweden 200
（23） Switzerland 201
（24） Tunisia 201
（25） United Republic of Tanzania 202
（26） Yugoslavia 202
（27） Zaire 203
（28） Zambia 203
4.Refugee status procedures and the role of UNHCR 204
5.The status and rights of the refugee in municipal law： some observations 207
（1） Treaties 207
（2） Refugees and asylum-seekers admitted or allowed to remain on a temporary basis 207
（3） Refugee status and the grant of ‘asylum’ 209
（4） Protection against extradition， expulsion，and refoulement 210
6.Termination of refugee status and the principle of acquired rights 210
PART Ⅳ CONCLUSIONS 215
Chapter Ⅸ THE REFUGEE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 215
1.The status of refugees summarized 216
（1） Refugee status 216
（2） Decisions on refugee status 217
（3） Non-refoulement and its relation to solutions 219
（a） Voluntary repatriation 219
（b） Local integration 222
（c） Resettlement in third states 223
（d） International protection 224
2.The grant of asylum 225
3.Issues of state responsibility 226
4.Measures to avert and to resolve refugee crises 229
ANNEXES 235
Ⅰ. Constitution of the International Refugee Organization， 1946—Extract 235
Ⅱ.Universal Declaration of Human Rights，1948—Extract 240
Ⅲ.Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 241
Ⅳ.1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 247
Ⅴ.1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees 270
Ⅵ.1967 Declaration on Territorial Asylum 275
Ⅶ.Draft Convention on Territorial Asylum 277
Ⅷ.Organization of African Unity： 1969 Convention on Refugee Problems in Africa 280
Ⅸ.Caracas Convention on Territorial Asylum， 1954287
Ⅹ. Caracas Convention on Diplomatic Asylum， 1954290
Ⅺ.American Convention on Human Rights，1969—Extract 295
Ⅻ.Council of Europe Conventions—Extracts 296
ⅩⅢ.Selected Resolutions relating to Refugee issues， adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations 298
ⅩⅣ. List of states parties to the 1951 Convention，the 1967 Protocol， and the 1969 OAU Convention， and of states members of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme 304
Select Bibliography 306
Index 312