Part ⅠIntroduction 1
Chapter 1Succinct Facts and Figures 3
Chapter 2Definition of Gambling 7
Chapter 3Categories of Gambling 11
1.Lottery 11
2.Betting 13
3.Casino Gambling 15
4.Other Forms of Land-Based Gambling 16
5.Remote Gambling 18
Chapter 4National Regulation of Cross-Border Gambling Services 21
1.Restrictive Jurisdictions 21
1.1.Situation in Canada 22
1.2.Situation in the US 22
1.3.Situation in Most European Union States 23
1.4.Situation in Switzerland 29
1.5.Situation in New Zealand 30
1.6.Situation in Several Asian Jurisdictions 31
2.Permissive Jurisdictions 32
2.1.Permissive Jurisdictions in North America 33
2.2.Permissive Jurisdictions in Europe 33
2.3.Permissive Jurisdictions in Central America and the Caribbean Area 34
2.4.Permissive Jurisdictions in Oceania 35
2.5.Permissive Jurisdictions in Africa 36
2.6.Permissive Jurisdictions in Asia 36
Part ⅡGlobal Trade in Gambling Services 39
Chapter 5Trade in Gambling Services in the GATS 41
1.Introductory Elements 41
2.Modes of Supply 44
2.1.Mode 1： Cross-Border Gambling 44
2.2.Mode 2： Tourist Gamblers 45
2.3.Mode 3： Commercial Presence 46
2.4.Mode 4： Movement of Natural Persons 47
3.Market Access and National Treatment 47
4.General Exceptions 48
5.The US Gambling Case 49
5.1.Overview of the Case and Main Arguments of the Parties 49
5.1.1.Antigua’s Claims and the US Responses 49
5.1.1.1.The Question of the US Commitments 49
5.1.1.2.The Measure at Issue and the ‘Zero Quota’ 50
5.1.1.3.The Alleged Violation of Article ⅩⅥ 51
5.1.1.4.The Alleged Violation of Article ⅩⅦ 51
5.1.1.5.Exemptions under Article ⅩⅣ 52
5.1.2.DSU Findings and Subsequent Procedures 53
5.2.Issues Resolved by the Disputed Settlement Unit 54
5.2.1.The Measure at Issue and the ‘Zero Quota’ 54
5.2.1.1.DSU Findings 55
5.2.1.2.Critique 60
5.2.1.2.1.Interpretation of Sub-paragraph （a） of GATS Article ⅩⅥ：2 60
5.2.1.2.2.A Non-discriminatory Zero-Quota Is Not a Quota under Article ⅩⅥ 62
5.2.2.The Question of the US Commitments 63
5.2.2.1.DSU Findings 64
5.2.2.1.1.Interpretation through Article 31 of the Vienna Convention 64
5.2.2.1.2.Article 32 of the Viennary Convention： Supplementary Means of Interpretation 67
5.2.2.2.Critique 68
5.2.2.2.1.The Nature of the Members’ Schedules of Commitments 69
5.2.2.2.2.‘Context’ versus ‘Supplementary Means of Interpretation’ 70
5.2.2.2.3.The Question of the Prevailing Language 72
5.2.2.2.4.The Utility of Comparing the US Schedule with Other Members’Schedules 73
5.2.3.Article ⅩⅥ： Market Access 74
5.2.3.1.DSU Findings 75
5.2.3.1.1.The First Paragraph of Article ⅩⅥ 75
5.2.3.1.2.The Second Paragraph of Article ⅩⅥ 76
5.2.3.1.3.Application of the Legal Standard to the Facts of the Case：The Measure at Issue 78
5.2.3.2.Critique 82
5.2.3.2.1.Relationship between Article ⅩⅦ and Article ⅩⅥ： Market Access Restriction or Domestic Regulation？ 82
5.2.3.2.2.Relationship between Article ⅩⅥ And ⅩⅦ： Is There a Need to Schedule Non-discriminatory Market Access Barriers？ 85
5.2.4.Article ⅩⅣ： General Exceptions 88
5.2.4.1.DSU Findings 89
5.2.4.1.1.Provisional Justification under Article ⅩⅣ（a） 90
5.2.4.1.2.Provisional Justification under Article ⅩⅣ（c） 95
5.2.4.1.3.The Chapeau of Article ⅩⅣ 96
5.2.4.2.Critique 99
5.2.4.2.1.‘Public Morals’ Phraseology in International Treaties 100
5.2.4.2.2.What Is ‘Public Morality’ in the WTO System？ 102
5.2.4.2.3.National ‘Public Morals’ Asserted by an International Tribunal： Challenges and Examples 106
5.2.4.2.4.Remaining Question Marks on the Relationship ‘Gambling - Crime -Public Order’ 109
5.3.Unresolved Questions after US Gambling 112
5.3.1.‘Technical Neutrality’， ‘Evolutionary Treaty Interpretation’ and ‘Fundamental Intentions of the Parties’ 113
5.3.1.1.‘The law stays as it was written； men，on the contrary， never rest’ 114
5.3.1.2.Evolutionary Interpretation of Treaties by International Tribunals 115
5.3.1.3.Reservations as to the Evolutionary Approach 116
5.3.2.Likeness in the GATS： Is a Brick-and-Mortar Casino‘like’ an Internet Casino？ 119
5.3.2.1.Hypothesis 1： Assessing Likeness Is Crucial in Order to Assess National Treatment 123
5.3.2.2.Hypothesis 2： Circumventing the Issue of Likeness and Focusing on Discrimination 126
6.Alternative Approach to the US Gambling Case 127
6.1.Brief Summary of Critiques to the US Gambling Reports 127
6.2.Alternative Approaches to the US Gambling Dispute 128
6.3.Closing Remarks 130
7.Possible Future Developments 131
8.Intermediary Conclusion 132
Chapter 6 Trade in Services and the OECD 133
1.Introductory Elements 133
2.Services Liberalization under the OECD Instruments 134
3.Market Access and National Treatment 135
4.General Exceptions 136
5.Gambling in the OECD Framework 137
6.Intermediary Conclusion 137
Part Ⅲ Regional Trade in Gambling Services 139
Chapter 7 Trade in Gambling Services in the European Union 141
1.Introduction to Services in the European Union 142
1.1.The European Union： A Unique Legal Structure 142
1.2.Services in the European Union 144
1.2.1.Legal Basis 145
1.2.2.Measures Restricting the Freedom to Provide Services： Justification and Proportionality 147
2.Gambling as a Service within the European Union 149
2.1.Gambling in the EU： Economic Context 149
2.2.National Barriers to the Free Movement of Gambling Services 150
2.3.Justifications for the Restrictions of Cross-Border Gambling Services 152
2.4.Proportionality Requirements 153
2.5.Taxation of Gambling Services in the European Union 154
3.Position of the ECJ 155
3.1.Pre-Gambelli Jurisprudence 156
3.1.1.Schindler Case， 1994 156
3.1.1.1.Facts 156
3.1.1.2.Key Findings 156
3.1.1.3.Analysis 156
3.1.2.Laara Case， 1999 157
3.1.2.1.Facts 157
3.1.2.2.Key Findings 157
3.1.2.3.Analysis 157
3.1.3.Zenatti Case， 1999 159
3.1.3.1.Facts 159
3.1.3.2.Key Findings 159
3.1.3.3.Analysis 159
3.1.4.Anomar Case， 2003 160
3.1.4.1.Facts 160
3.1.4.2.Key Findings 161
3.1.4.3.Analysis 162
3.1.5.Lindman Case， 2003 162
3.1.5.1.Facts 162
3.1.5.2.Key Findings 163
3.1.5.3.Analysis 163
3.2.The Gambelli Case Law and Subsequent Jurisprudence 163
3.2.1.Gambelli Case， 2003 164
3.2.1.1.Facts 164
3.2.1.2.Key Findings 164
3.2.1.3.Analysis 165
3.2.2.Placanica Case， 2007 166
3.2.2.1.Facts 166
3.2.2.2.Key Findings 167
3.2.2.3.Analysis 168
3.2.3.Unibet case， 2007 169
3.2.3.1.Facts 169
3.2.3.2.Findings and Analysis 170
3.2.4.Commission v.Italy Case， 2007 170
3.2.4.1.Facts 170
3.2.4.2.Key Findings 171
3.2.4.3.Analysis 171
3.2.5.The Liga Portuguesa Case， 2009 171
3.2.5.1.Facts 172
3.2.5.2.Findings and Analysis 173
3.3.Pending Cases before the ECJ 175
3.3.1.Cases Concerning Austria 175
3.3.2.Cases Concerning France 175
3.3.3.Cases Concerning Germany 176
3.3.4.Cases Concerning The Netherlands 178
3.3.5.Cases Concerning Portugal 179
3.3.6.Cases Concerning Sweden 180
3.4.Gambling and the Free Movement of Goods in the ECJ Jurisprudence 181
3.4.1.European Commission v.Greece Case， 2006 181
3.4.1.1.Facts 181
3.4.1.2.Key Findings 182
3.4.1.3.Analysis 182
4.The Approaches Taken by National Courts 183
4.1.A Purely National Approach： Cross-Border Gambling Violates National Law 183
4.1.1.Germany 183
4.1.2.Italy 184
4.1.3.Portugal 184
4.2.Dissonant Interpretation of Articles 43 and 49 EC Treaty before the Gambelli Judgment 184
4.2.1.Denmark 185
4.2.2.France 185
4.2.3.Germany 185
4.2.4.Italy 185
4.2.5.The Netherlands 186
4.3.Discord Continues after Gambelli 187
4.3.1.Belgium 187
4.3.2.Finland 187
4.3.3.Germany 188
4.3.4.Italy 189
4.3.5.The Netherlands 190
4.3.6.Sweden 191
4.4.An Improved Coordination after 2007？ 192
4.4.1.France 192
4.4.2.Germany 193
4.4.3.Italy 194
4.4.4.The Netherlands 194
4.5.Intermediary Conclusion 194
5.Position of the European Commission 195
5.1.Enforcing European Law with Regard to Gambling Services 196
5.2.The Proposal of Directive to Create an Internal Market for Services 198
5.2.1.The Initial Proposal 199
5.2.2.Exclusion of Games of Chance During the Legislative Procedure 202
6.Position of the European Parliament 204
6.1.The Resolution on the White Paper on Sport 204
6.2.The Integrity of Online Gambling Report 205
7.Implications of a Single European Gambling Market 206
7.1.Economic Consequences 206
7.1.1.London Economics Report 207
7.1.2.Europe Economics Report 208
7.1.3.ISDC Gambling Services Report 208
7.2.Social Consequences 209
8.Intermediary Conclusion 211
Chapter 8Trade in Gambling Services under EFTA 213
1.Introductory Elements 213
2.Gambling Services under EFTA 214
3.The EFTA Court Jurisprudence Concerning Gambling 214
3.1.EFTA Surveillance Authority v.Norway， 2007 215
3.2.Ladbrokes Limited v.Norway， 2007 215
4.Intermediary Conclusion 216
Chapter 9 Trade in Gambling Services under NAFTA 217
1.Introductory Elements 217
2.Services under NAFTA 218
3.Modes of Supply 219
4.Market Access and National Treatment 220
5.General Exceptions 221
6.Case Law： The Thunderbird Gaming Award 222
6.1.Facts of the Case 223
6.2.Main Issues and Argumentation 223
6.3.The Appeal against the Thunderbird Gaming Award 225
7.Intermediary Conclusion 226
Chapter 10 Trade in Gambling Services under DR-CAFTA 227
1.Introductory Elements 227
2.Modes of Supply 228
3.Market Access and National Treatment 228
4.General Exceptions 229
5.Gambling Services in the DR-CAFTA Framework 229
6.Intermediary Conclusion 230
Chapter 11Trade in Gambling Services under MERCOSUR 231
1.Introductory Elements 231
2.Services in the MERCOSUR Framework 232
3.Market Access and National Treatment 232
4.General Exceptions 233
5.Gambling in the MERCOSUR Framework 233
6.Intermediary Conclusion 234
Chapter 12Trade of Gambling Services under ASEAN FTA 235
1.Introductory Elements 235
2.Services in the ASEAN Framework 236
3.Market Access and National Treatment 236
4.General Exceptions 237
5.Gambling Services under the ASEAN Framework 237
6.Intermediary Conclusion 238
Conclusion and Closing Remarks 239
List of Cases 243
General Bibliography 247
Gambling-Related Bibliography 257
Other Documents 269
Index 271