Introduction 1
1 War and the International Legal Order 4
1.1 The Paradoxical International Legal Order of the Twentieth Century 4
1.2 The Roles of International Law and of International Lawyers 6
1.3 An Age of Complexity？ 7
1.4 ‘9-11’: A Turning or Tipping Point？ 8
2 From ‘9-11’ to the ‘Iraq War 2003’ 9
2.1 The Attacks on the United States on 11 September 2001 9
2.2 The Iraq War 2003 11
2.2.1 Shifting the Focus 11
2.2.2 The Debate in the United Kingdom 12
2.2.3 ‘New’ Europe and ‘Old’ Europe 13
2.2.4 Crisis in NATO 14
2.2.5 Worldwide Protests 15
2.2.6 International Lawyers 16
2.2.7 Operatiou Iraqi Freedom 16
2.3 The Link Between ‘9-11’ and the ‘Iraq War 2003’ 17
2.3.1 Making the Link 17
2.3.2 The US Perspective 18
2.4 The Legal Categorisation of the Attacks on the US on 11 September 2001 20
2.5 ‘9-11’ as a Turning or Tipping Point 20
2.6 ‘9-11’ as a Turning Point for International Law？ 22
3 International Law and the Wars on Terrorism and on Iraq 24
3.1 The ‘War on Terrorism’ 24
3.2 The Security Council’s Counter-Terrorism Committee 25
3.3 Action by Regional Organisations 26
3.4 International Instruments and Institutions on Terorrism 27
3.5 The Objectives of the War on Terrorism 28
3.6 Strategies in the War on Terrorism 29
3.7 The ‘Axis of Evil’ 30
3.8 The Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to the War on Terror 32
3.9 Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in the War on Terrorism 33
3.9.1 Enemy Detainees 33
3.9.2 The Establishment of Military Tribunals 35
3.9.3 The Patriot Act 36
3.9.4 Extradition to Third States 37
3.10 Anti-Terrorist Laws in Other States 37
3.11 Monitoring of Human Rights in National Emergency Laws 38
3.12 International Humanitarian Law and the War on Iraq 40
3.13 International Human Rights Law and the War on Iraq 42
3.14 Interpreting Human Rights Law in Conflict Situations 45
4 International Law and the Iraq War 2003 47
4.1 The Debate on the Iraq War 47
4.1.1 Law and Morality 47
4.2.Moral and Political Arguments 52
4.2.The Legal Arguments on the War on Iraq 52
4.2.1 Context 52
4.2.2 Legal Bases 52
4.3.Legality Based on Security Council Resolutions 53
4.3.1 Security Council Authorisation 53
4.3.2 The Cottnbination of SC Resolutions 55
4.3.3 Resolution 678 58
4.3.4 Resolution 1441 58
4.3.5 The ‘Material Breach’ Argntnent 62
4.3.6 Autotnaticity 64
4.3.7 The ‘Second Resolntion’ 65
4.3.8 An Appraisal of the Legality Argument 66
4.4.Legality Based on Self-Defence 67
4.4.1 Self- Defence and the US’s National Security Strategy:Pre-emptive Self-Defence 67
4.4.2 Critics of Pre-emptive Self-Defence 71
4.4.3 The UK and Pre-emptive Self Defence 73
4.4.4 The Responses of Other States to the Idea of Pre-emptive Self-Defence 74
4.4.5 An Assessment of Pre-emptive Self-Defence 75
4.5 Legality Based on Humanitarian Intervention 77
4.6 The Legal Argument Against the War in Iraq 78
4.6.1 No Security Council Anthorisation 78
4.6.2 Resolution 1441 79
4.6.3 The Absence of a Second Resohution 81
4.7 Conclusion 85
5 The United States and the International Legal System 87
5.1 The Value of International Law and International Institutions 87
5.2 State Responsibility and Rogue States 89
5.3 The Interpretation of International Law Rights:Pre-emptive Self-Defence 91
5.4 The Interpretation of Security Council Resolutions 91
5.5 The Global Responsibilities of the United States 94
5.6 Multilateralism and Institutionalism 95
5.7 The Role of Evidence and of International Inspectors 96
5.7.1 Pnblic Discussion 96
5.7.2 The Evidence of the International Inspectors 96
5.7.3 The Evidence of the UK and the US 97
5.7.4 The Evaluation of the Evidence 98
5.7.5 The Credibility of the UK Evidence: the ‘Sexed Up’Dossier？ 99
5.7.6 The Hntton Inqniry 105
5.7.7 The Credibility of the US Evidence 114
5.7.8 The Importance of Evidence 116
5.8 The International Role of the European Union 116
5.9 Nation States and Foreign Policy 119
5.10 Conclusion 120
6 Winning the Peace: An Iraq For the Iraqis 122
6.1 The Responsibilities of the Victors 122
6.2 ‘Regime Change’——A Post—Saddam Hussein Iraq 123
6.3 Security in Iraq 126
6.4 The Future of Iraq 128
6.4.1 The New Iraq 128
6.4.2 The Coalition as Occupying Powers 129
6.4.3 SC Resolutions on Post-War Iraq 130
6.4.4 The Role of the United Nations 131
6.4.5 The Attack on the United Nations 133
6.5 Political Organisation in Iraq 134
6.5.1 De-Baathification 134
6.5.2 The Iraqi Governing Council 135
6.5.3 The New Plan for Iraq 137
6.6 Economic Organisation in Iraq 138
6.6.1 The Economic Challenges 138
6.6.2 Humanitarian Relief 139
6.6.3 Economic Reconstruction 141
6.6.4 International Economic Aid 143
6.7 Human Rights in Iraq 143
6.7.1 The United Nations and Human Rights 143
6.7.2 The UN’s Model of Human Rights 144
6.8 Accountability for the Past 146
6.8.1 Dealing With The Past 146
6.8.2 The Iraqi Special Tribunal 146
6.8.3 The Capture of Saddam Hussein 148
6.8.4 Prosecutions versus Truth Commissions 150
6.9 Weapons Inspections 152
6.10 Measuring Success in Post-War Iraq 153
6.11 Conclusion 153
7 World Order（s） for the Twenty-First Century 155
7.1 Introduction 155
7.2 Challenges to the Post-1945 Legal Order 155
7.3 Complexity and World Order 157
7.4 Terrorism and World Order 158
7.5 The Clash of Civilisations 160
7.5.1 Islamic Fttndamentalisrn 160
7.5.2 The Iraq War as a Clash of Civilisations？ 160
7.5.3 Terrorism versus Liberalism 161
7.5.4 Assessing Islamic Fundamentalism 161
7.6 The Refah Partisi Case 163
7.6.1 The Position under Turkish Law 163
7.6.2 The Challenge under the European Convention on Human Rights 164
7.6.3 Democracy， Religion and the European Convention onHuman Rights 165
7.6.4 A Plurality of Legal Systems 166
7.6.5 The Sharia and Democracy 167
7.6.6 Religious States and Secular States 168
7.7 Change in the Middle East 168
7.8 After Iraq， Who is Next？ 169
7.9 Post-‘9-11’ Developments in the Middle East 170
7.10 Democratisation in the Middle East 174
7.11 The Effects of the War on Terrorism and the War on Iraq on International Security 176
7.12 The Effects of the War on Terrorism and the War on Iraq on International Legal Order 178
7.13 What Future for the United Nations？ 180
7.14 Did the War on Iraq Harm the War on Terrorism？ 185
7.15 The Iraq War——The Judgments of History 191
7.16 A New American Empire？ 192
7.17 Did ‘9-11’ Change the World？ 196
7.18 Not Another War——The ‘War of Ideas’ 196
7.19 The Day the World Shook 198
DOCUMENTS 201
Appendix Ⅰ: President Bush’s Address to the United Nations General Assembly in 2001， 1o November 2001 203
Appendix Ⅱ: The United States President’s State of the Union Address 2002， 29 January 2002 207
Appendix Ⅲ: The National Security Strategy of the United States of America， 17 September 2002 213
Appendix Ⅳ: Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Assessment of the British Government， 24 September 2002 235
Appendix Ⅴ: Presentation of Colin Powell， United States Secretary of State， to the United Nations Security Council， on ‘Iraq——Failing to Disarm’， 5 February 2003 264
Appendix Ⅵ: Hans Blix （Chairman of UNSCOM）: Briefingto the Security Council， 14 February 2003 281
Appendix Ⅶ: The Advice of the United Kingdom Attorney-General， Lord Goldsmith， on ‘The Legal Basis for the Use of Force against Iraq’， 17 March 2003 286
Appendix Ⅷ: Iraq: Legal Basis for the Use of Force， Foreign and Commonwealth Office Memorandum，17 March 2003 287
Appendix Ⅸ: United Kingdom Prune Minister’s Statements on Iraq to the House of Commons on 25 February 2003 and 1 8 March 2003 290
Appendix Ⅹ: President Bush’s Address to the United Nations General Assembly in 2003， 23 September 2003 304
Appendix Ⅺ: Remarks by the President Bush at Whitehall Palace， 19 November 2003 309
Appendix Ⅻ: Observations in the Report of the Secretary-General [on Iraq] pursuant to paragraph 24 of resolution 1483 （2003） and paragraph 12 of resolution 1511 （2003），5 December 2003 315
Appendix ⅩⅢ: Selected Security Council Resohutions on Iraq 1990—2003 318
Security Council Resolution 660 （1990）， 2 August 1990 318
Security Council Resolution 678 （1990）， 29 November 1990 319
Security Council Resolution 687 （1991）， 3 April 1991 320
Security Council Resolution 688， （1991）， 5 April 1991 327
Security Council Resolution 1154 （1998）， 2 March 1998 328
Security Council Resolution 1284 （1999） 17 December 1999 329
Security Council Resolution 1441 （2002）， 2o December 2002 335
Security Council Resolution 1472 （2003）， 28 March 2003 339
Security Council Resolution 1476 （2003）， 24 April 2003 342
Security Council Resolution 1483 （2003）， 22 May 2003 343
Security Council Resolution 1490 （2003）， 3 July 2003 349
Security Council Resolution 1500 （2003）， 14 August 2003 350
Security Council Resolution 1511 （2003）， 16 October 2003 351
Security Council Resolution 1518 （2003）， 24 November 2003 354
Appendix ⅩⅣ: Selected Security Council Resolutions on Terrorism 1999—2003 355
Security Council Resolution 1267 （1999）， 15 October 1999 355
Security Council Resolution 1368 （2001）， 12 September 2001 358
Security Council Resolution 1373 （2001）， 28 September 2001 359
Security Council Resolution 1377 （2001）， 12 November 2001 362
Security Council Resolution 1452 （2002）， 20 December 2002 364
Security Council Resolution 1455 （2003）， 17 January 2003 366
Security Council Resolution 1456 （2003）， 20 January 2003 369
Security Council Resolution 1526 （2004）， 30 January 2004 372
Index 377