part one: CRIMINOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF CRIME 1
1: Crime, Law, and Criminology 5
What Is Crime? 6
Norms and Socialization 8
Social Values and Law 9
Deviance 11
Law in Historical Perspective 13
Substantive Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure 18
Classification of Crimes 23
Criminology as a Discipline 24
Summary 27
2: Crime Statistics in the United States 30
Sources of Crime Data 32
The Extent of Known Crime 33
Geographical Area and Crime 36
Characteristics of Offenders 36
Limitations of the Uniform Crime Reports 38
The Role of the Police 40
Shortcomings of UCR Procedures 43
Alternative Sources of Data on Crime 47
Victimization Studies 55
Summary 58
3: Research and Theory in Criminology 62
Scientific Inquiry 64
Purposes and Types of Research 67
The Nature and Purposes of Criminological Theory 73
Summary 75
part two: PATTERNS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 79
4: Crimes Against the Person 83
A Perspective on Violent Offenders 84
Domestic Violence: The Battering Family 86
Violent Crime in the United States 89
Criminal Homicide 89
Assault and Battery 97
Robbery 98
Sexual Offenses and Offenders 99
Voyeurism and Indecent Exposure 105
Child Molestation 107
Summary 108
5: Crimes Against Property 114
Occasional Property Offenders 115
Ordinary Career Criminals 116
Professional Criminals 117
Burglary 118
Larceny-Theft 119
The Fence: Criminal Receiver of Stolen Goods 122
Motor Vehicle Theft 123
Arson 126
Confidence Games 128
Criminal Careers 130
Summary 138
6: Economic, Syndicated, and Political Crime 141
Economic Crimes 143
Syndicated (Organized) Crime 155
Political Crimes 166
Summary 172
7: Consensual Crimes 178
Defining Consensual Crime 179
Consensual Crimes and Criminal Justice 181
Problem Drinking 183
Nonmedical Drug Use 186
Prostitution 194
Gambling 198
Abortion 201
Decriminalization of Consensual Crimes 202
Summary 204
8: Female Offenders 208
Explanations of Female Criminality 209
Current Analyses of Female Crime 216
Female Offenders and the Criminal Justice System 222
Community Correctional Programs for Female Offenders 229
Summary 230
part three: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CRIME AND CRIMINALITY 235
9: Classical, Positivist, and Neoclassical Perspectives 239
The Classical School of Criminology 241
The Positivist School of Criminology 246
Social Factors and Criminality 250
Economic Conditions and Criminality 253
Modern Classical Criminology 254
Punishment or Rehabilitation? 262
Concluding Observations 265
Summary 266
10: Economic Conditions and Criminality 270
Crime as a Product of Capitalism 271
Radical Criminology 275
Critical Criminology 277
Non-Marxist Economic Interpretations 281
Economic Models of Criminality 289
Summary 291
11: Sociological Theories of Criminality 295
Social Pathology 296
Social Disorganization 297
From Social Disorganization to Differential Social Organization 303
Culture Conflict 305
Subcultural Theories 309
Anomie Theory: Emile Durkheim 310
Delinquency and Status Frustration: Albert K. Cohen 317
Delinquency and Opportunity: Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin 321
Lower-Class Focal Concerns: Walter B. Miller 325
Summary 328
12: Sociopsychological Theories of Criminality 333
Differential Association: Edwin H. Sutherland 334
Delinquency and Drift: David Matza and Gresham M. Sykes 341
Social Control Theory: Travis Hirschi 347
Containment Theory: Walter C. Reckless 350
Summary 355
13: The Labeling Perspective 359
Early Precursors of Labeling 360
Emergence of the Labeling Perspective 361
Interpersonal Relations 364
Organizational Processing 368
Collective Rule Making and Enforcement 370
Critique 371
Conclusions 374
Summary 376
14: Psychiatric and Psychological Theories of Criminality 379
Psychiatry and the Criminality-as-Mental-Illness Approach 381
Psychoanalysis and Criminality 384
The Search for a "Criminal Personality" 387
The Criminal Personality: Yochelson and Samenow 389
Learning Theory and Criminality 392
Learning Theory and Behavior Modification 400
Summary 403
15: Biological Theories of Criminality 406
Genetics and Criminality 411
The Biochemical Approach 415
Learning Disabilities and Delinquency 416
Epilepsy and Criminality 417
Physiological Factors and the Antisocial Personality 418
Toward a Biosocial Theory of Criminality 423
Summary 425
part four: THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 431
16: The Criminal Justice System 435
Components of the Criminal Justice System 438
Criminal Procedure 452
Crime Control Versus Due Process 459
Summary 461
17: Law Enforcement 463
Police Roles and Responsibilities 464
The Structure of American Law Enforcement 466
Delivery of Police Services 469
Coordination with Other Criminal Justice Subsystems 480
Job Stress and Police Personnel 482
Police Use of Deadly Force 484
Professionalism and the Police 486
Summary 490
18: The Judicial Process 494
Initiation of Prosecution 495
Plea Bargaining 500
Pretrial Motions 501
The Criminal Trial 502
Sentencing 508
Appeal and Postconviction Remedies 511
Summary 513
19: Corrections 518
Confinement: Detention and Imprisonment 519
Imprisonment: An Historical Perspective 521
The Contemporary Prison 528
Alternatives to Confinement 533
Summary 545
Glossary 569
Index 582