1. Introduction 1
Ⅰ. Unjust Enrichment 4
A. A Theoretical Framework 4
B. The Elements of a Claim in Unjust Enrichment 6
Ⅱ. Restitution 7
Ⅲ. Methodology and Scope 8
Ⅳ. Structure of the Book 10
2. Value, Rights and Obligations 13
Ⅰ. The Concept of Value 13
A. Monetary and Non-Monetary Value 14
B. Idiosyncratic and Relational Value 15
C. Transfers of Value 19
Ⅱ. The Concepts of Rights and Obligations 23
A. Rights and Powers, Duties and Liabilities 23
B. Rights, Powers and Property 24
Ⅲ. The Concept of Wealth 30
A. Discrete and Abstract Conceptions of Wealth 30
B. Defining Wealth 31
Ⅳ. The Relationship between the Concepts 32
A. Value, Rights and Obligations 32
B. Value and Wealth 33
C. 'Benefit'and'Gain' 34
D. Transfers of Value and Transfers of Rights 35
Ⅴ. Conclusion 36
3. Bifurcating the Enrichment Inquiry 37
Ⅰ. The Meaning of Enrichment 37
A. Two Kinds of Enrichment 38
B. The Terminology of'Enrichment' 43
Ⅱ. Overview of Factual Enrichment 46
A. The Two Stage Inquiry 47
B. Objective Valuation 51
Ⅲ. Overview of Legal Enrichment 55
A. Are Legal Enrichment Cases Part of Unjust Enrichment? 56
B. Legal Enrichment 60
C. Specific Restitution 64
Ⅳ. Conclusion 67
4. Factual Enrichment 69
Ⅰ. The Historical Position 70
Ⅱ. Money 73
A. Money Had and Received 73
B. Factual Enrichment in Money Cases 74
Ⅲ. Services 78
A. Quantum Meruit 78
B. Factual Enrichment in Services Cases 83
Ⅳ. Goods 89
A. Quantum Valebat 89
B. Factual Enrichment in Goods Cases 93
Ⅴ. Land 97
A. Unjust Enrichment Claims to Land 97
B. Factual Enrichment in Land Cases 98
Ⅵ. Release of Obligations 99
A. Money Paid 99
B. Factual Enrichment by the Release of Obligations 100
Ⅶ. Conclusion 104
5. Legal Enrichment 105
Ⅰ. Resulting Trusts 107
A. What is a Resulting Trust? 107
B. Resulting Trusts and Unjust Enrichment 110
C. Resulting Trusts as Specific Restitution of an Enrichment by Rights 113
Ⅱ. Rescission 116
A. The Power of Rescission 117
B. Rescission and Restitution 119
C. Rescission as Specific Restitution of an Enrichment by Rights 125
Ⅲ. Rectification 135
A. The Availability of Rectification 135
B. Rectification as Specific Restitution of Rights 138
Ⅳ. Enrichment by Release of Obligations 141
A. Subrogation 142
B. Equitable Liens 147
Ⅴ. Conclusion 148
6. Freedom of Choice 151
Ⅰ. Rejecting Subjective Devaluation 152
A. The Request Requirement 153
B. Subjective Devaluation in the Cases 155
C. Subjective Devaluation and Relational Value 161
D. Subjective Devaluation and Freedom of Choice 164
Ⅱ. Proof of Choice of Benefit 167
A. Choice of the Benefit 167
B. Request 173
C. Readily Returnable Benefits 178
D. Free Acceptance 180
Ⅲ. Incontrovertible Enrichment 183
A. Saved Necessary Expense 184
B. Money-Like Benefits 186
C. Incontrovertible Enrichment and Subjective Devaluation 190
Ⅳ. Conclusion 192
7. Immediate and Extant Enrichment 193
Ⅰ. Immediate Enrichment in Factual Enrichment Cases 194
A. Extant Enrichment Approaches 194
B. Immediate Value 198
C. Identifying the Point of Enrichment 206
Ⅱ. Immediate Enrichment in Legal Enrichment Cases 209
A. Resulting Trusts 210
B. Rescission 210
C. Rectification 212
D. Subrogation 212
Ⅲ. Conclusion 212
8. Conclusions and Implications 215
Ⅰ. Factual and Legal Enrichment 215
Ⅱ. Consequences 216
Ⅲ. Further Implications 217
Ⅳ. Conclusion 225
Bibliography 227
Ⅰ. Texts, Digests and Restatements 227
Ⅱ. Journal Articles and Book Chapters 230
Index 235