PART ONE:GENERAL PRACTICE AND POLICIES 1
Ⅰ Existing national claims to offshore jurisdiction 3
A Territorial sea 5
1 Breadth of the territorial sea 5
2 Measurement of the territorial sea 7
3 Delimitation of the territorial sea between States with adjacent or opposite coasts 10
4 Innocent passage through the territorial sea 10
5 Straits 11
6 Islands:legal status of Perim,Kamaran and Kuria Muria 17
B Functional zones beyond the territorial sea(excluding continental shelf) 20
1 Contiguous zones:supervision zones 20
2 Marine pollution control 21
3 Exclusive fishing zones:exclusive economic zones 26
C Continental shelf 29
1 Legal history of the continental shelf doctrine 29
2 Practice of the Middle Eastern States 31
D Conclusion 42
Ⅱ Trends as reflected in the third United Nations conference on the law of the sea 43
A Recommendations of the Arab League 44
B Substantive issues before the conference 47
1 Jurisdictional limits 48
2 Establishment of an international regime and authority for exploration and exploitation of the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond the limits of national jurisdiction 67
3 Control of marine pollution and regulation of scientific research and transfer of technology 73
C Conclusion 78
PART TWO:SPECIFIC REGIONAL ISSUES 81
Ⅲ Legal problems of offshore boundaries in the Arabian Gulf 83
A Settled problems 86
1 Bahrain-Saudi Arabia Boundary Agreement 86
2 Agreement concerning the Sovereignty over the Islands of Al-Arabiyah and Farsi and the Delimitation of the Boundary Line separating the Submarine Areas between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Iran 91
3 Agreement for Settlement of the Offshore Boundary and Ownership of Islands between Abu Dhabi and Qatar 95
4 Offshore Boundary Agreement between the Amirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai 99
5 Agreement concerning the Boundary Line dividing the Continental Shelf between Iran and Qatar Agreement concerning Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Bahrain and Iran Agreement concerning the Boundary Line dividing Parts of the Continental Shelf between Iran and the United Arab Emirates(Dubai)Agreement concerning Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Iran and Oman 99
B Outstanding problems 107
1 Kuwait-Saudi Arabia:partitioned zone offshore lateral boundaries and the question of the islands of Qaru and Umm al-Maradim 107
2 Iran-Kuwait-Saudi Arabia:offshore boundary between Iran and the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia partitioned zone 110
3 Iran-Iraq-Kuwait:offshore boundaries and Iraq-Kuwait dispute over the islands of Warbah and Bubiyan 111
4 Qatar-Saudi Arabia:offshore boundary 121
5 Bahrain-Qatar:offshore boundary and the question of the Hawar islands 121
6 Iran-Sharjah-Umm al-Qaiwain:the question of Abu Musa island 122
7 Iran-Ras al-Khaimah:the question of the Tumb islands 128
C Conclusion 130
Ⅳ Legal status of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Straits of Tiran and the rules governing the right of passage therethrough 132
A Geographical and historical position of the Gulf of Aqaba 133
B Occupation of Umm Rashrash and the struggle for control of the Gulf of Aqaba,1949-76 135
1 Occupation of Umm Rashrash 135
2 Egypt-Saudi Arabia accord concerning the islands of Tiran and Sanafir and the question of sovereignty thereover 136
3 Egyptian regulations relating to navigation through the Straits of Tiran 137
4 The 1956 Sinai campaign and the 1967 Arab—Israeli armed conflict 138
C Main assertions and arguments regarding the controversy surrounding the Gulf of Aqaba and the Straits of Tiran 139
1 The Egyptian position 139
2 The Israeli position 141
D Analysis of the problem 142
1 Legal description of the Gulf of Aqaba 144
2 Juridical status of the Gulf of Aqaba 144
3 The rules governing the right of passage through the Gulf of Aqaba and the Straits of Tiran 151
4 Israeli withdrawal from Sinai Peninsula in March 1957 and the right of passage through the Gulf of Aqaba and the Straits of Tiran 167
5 The 'exceptional—possibly unique' case of the Gulf of Aqaba 172
E Conclusion 176
Ⅴ Legal aspects of the Red Sea hot brines and other metalliferous mud deposits 178
A Discovery and location 178
B Nature and economic potential 179
C Legal rights 180
1 The Saudi Arabian law relating to the acquisition of the Red Sea resources 180
2 Agreement between Sudan and Saudi Arabia relating to the Joint Exploitation of the Natural Resources of the Sea Bed and Subsoil of the Red Sea in the Common Zone 185
3 Conference of States bordering the Red Sea 187
General conclusions 189
Appendices 193
Ⅰ National legislation and international agreements 195
Ⅱ Limits of national claims to offshore jurisdictions 200
Ⅲ Letter from the Political Agent to Shaikh Saqr,Ruler of Sharjah 201
Ⅳ Declaration concerning the Exclusive Sovereign Rights of the State of Qatar in the Zones contiguous to the Territorial Sea,2 June 1974 202
Ⅴ Declaration concerning the Limits of the Exclusive Fishing Zones of Saudi Arabia in the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf,1974 204
Ⅵ A Decree No.15 concerning the Territorial Waters of the Yemen Arab Republic,30 April 1967 205
B Decree No.16 concerning the Continental Shelf of the Yemen Arab Republic,30 April 1967 207
Ⅶ Documents on the Understanding concerning the Island of Abu Musa 208
Notes 212
Selected bibliography 275
Index 288
2 The Straits of Bab el-Mandeb 13
3 The Strait of Hormuz 16
4 The Arabian Gulf 85
5 Bahrain-Saudi Arabia continental shelf boundary 87
6 Iran-Saudi Arabia continental shelf boundary 93
7 Abu Dhabi-Qatar continental shelf boundary 96
8 Iran-Qatar continental shelf boundary 101
9 Bahrain-Iran continental shelf boundary 102
10 Iran-United Arab Emirates(Dubai)continental shelf boundary 104
11 Iran-Oman continental shelf boundary 106
12 Kuwaiti territorial sea and continental shelf 114
13 Iraqi territorial sea and continental shelf 116
14 Khor Abdullah 119
15 The Gulf of Aqaba and the Straits of Tiran 134
16 Red Sea median line and location of brine deposits 181
17 Trackline of the Oceanographer through the Red Sea 182