Ⅰ.INTRODUCTION 3
Ⅱ.STANDARD-SETTING IN PRACTICE 9
A.THE IMPACT OF STANDARDS IN THE NEW NETWORK ECONOMY: BENEFITS AND COSTS 9
B.THE EVOLUTION OF STANDARDIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE EUROPEAN UNION 17
C.THE NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF STANDARD-SETTING ORGANIZATIONS (SSOs) 27
Ⅲ.THE TREATMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE STANDARD SETTING CONTEXT 36
A.STANDARD-SETTING, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ANTITRUST: A HOT ISSUE 36
B.INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY POLICIES OF SSOS 43
1.Search obligations 45
2.Disclosure obligations 46
3.Licensing obligations 48
C.THE STRATEGIC USE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE STANDARD- SETTING PROCESS AND THE LEGAL REMEDIES TO SSO PARTICIPANTS' MISCONDUCT 54
1.Contract Law Remedies 57
2.Intellectual Property Law Remedies: Equitable Estoppel, Implied License and Patent Misuse 62
3.Antitrust Law remedies: Patent Ambush, Essential Facilities Doctrine 72
Ⅳ.ANTITRUST CONCERNS IN THE STANDARD- SETTING PROCESS 98
A.THE INTRINSIC “CARTEL” NATURE OF SSOs 98
1.Restriction on access to the standardization process 99
2.Commercial collusion 103
3.Reduction of product diversi 107
4.Distorted selection of technology 110
B.THE E.U.AND THE U.S.ANTITRUST LAWS RELEVANT FOR STANDARDS 112
1.Article 81 EC Treaty and the European Commission Guidelines on the applicability of Article 81 to agreements on standards 112
2.The Standard Development Organization Advancement Act of 2004 117
Ⅴ.CONCLUSION 123
BIBLIOGRAPHY 128