INTRODUCTION 1
PART ONE FUNDAMENTALS 5
1—MEANING AND TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 5
1.Meaning 5
2.Types 5
3.Judicial Classifications 7
2—THE POLITICAL ELEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 15
1.Composition 16
2.Initiative 16
3.Applicable Rules 18
4.Voting Rules 20
5.Governmental Instructions 22
6.Legal and Political Disputes 22
3—THE CONSENSUAL BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 24
1.The Interpretation of Constituent Instruments 25
2.Freedom of Member States and Effectiveness of Institutional Activities 29
3.Right to Membership 30
4.The Position of Non-Member States 31
5.Conclusions 35
4—JURISDICTION： GENERAL RULES 37
1.Self-Determination of Jurisdiction 37
2.Exclusiveness of Jurisdiction 39
3.Extraneous Jurisdiction 41
5—IMPLIED JURISDICTION 48
1.Implied Powers in an Internationally Prescribed Regime 49
2.“ Necessarily ” Implied Powers 52
3.Powers Implied in Duties 60
4.Renunciation of Powers 60
5.Effects of ultra vires Action 61
6—IMPLIED JURISDICTION AND THE nemo judex in sua causa MAXIM Ⅰ—THE PLACE OF THE MAXIM IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 64
1.Meaning and Scope of the nemo judex in sua causa Maxim 64
2.International Law and the nemo judex in sua causa Maxim 67
7—IMPLIED JURISDICTION AND THE nemo judex in sua causa MAXIM Ⅱ—THE MAXIM IN INTERNATIONAL JUDICIAL PRACTICE 72
1.The Maxim and the League Covenant 72
2.The Maxim in the Domestic Law of International Institutions 81
3.Evaluation 86
8—THE DISSOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 88
1.Express Powers of Dissolution 88
2.Implied Powers of Dissolution 90
3.The Dissolution of International Institutions in International Judicial Practice 94
9—CONTINUITY AND DISCONTINUITY IN THE LAW OF INTER-NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 99
1.Lessons from International Customary Law 99
2.Lessons from Treaty Practice 100
3.The Problem in International Judicial Practice 102
4.Conclusions 113
10—THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN PERSPECTIVE 115
1.The Notion of International Constitutional Law 116
2.International Constitutional Law in International Judicial Practice 117
3.Judicial Tests of International Constitutional Law 122
PART TWO THE UNITED NATIONS 129
11—WORKING HYPOTHESES 129
1.Character and Structure Tests 129
2.Institutional and Integrational Tests 131
12—PURPOSES Ⅰ—ENDS AND MEANS IN THE CHARTER 134
1.General Problems 135
2.The Hierarchy of the Stated Purposes 138
3.The Individual Purposes 140
13—PURPOSES Ⅱ—THE STATICS OF THE CHARTER 149
1.The Principle of Self-determination 150
2.Fundamental Rights and Freedoms 153
14—PURPOSES Ⅲ—THE DYNAMICS OF THE CHARTER 156
1.Action under the Charter 156
2.Other Techniques 158
15—PURPOSES Ⅳ—THE IMPACT OF UNITED NATIONS IDEOLOGIES ON THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 168
1.The Purge of the Court 168
2.The Consensus Invoked 171
3.The Standing of a“Co-operative”Court 172
16—SYSTEM Ⅰ—THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 178
1.The League Design 178
2.The Pacific Settlement of International Disputes 179
3.Collective Security 181
4.Interdependence of the Constituent Elements 182
5.Other League Tasks 185
17—SYSTEM Ⅱ—THE UNITED NATIONS 188
1.Hegemonial Relations 188
2.The Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes 191
3.Peace-keeping and Coercive Measures 197
4.General Powers of Peace-keeping？ 200
18—PRINCIPLES Ⅰ—GENERAL 206
1.Functions of the Principles 206
2.Jus cogens Character of the Principles 206
19—PRINCIPLES Ⅱ—SOVEREIGN EQUALITY—GOOD FAITH—PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT—PROHIBITION OF FORCE—COLLECTIVE ASSISTANCE 211
1.Sovereign Equality 211
2.Good Faith 214
3.The Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes 216
4.Prohibition of the Threat or Use of Force 217
5.Collective Assistance 220
20—PRINCIPLES Ⅲ—RESPONSIBILITY FOR WORLD ORDER—DOMESTIC JURISDICTION 222
1.Responsibility for World Order 222
2.Domestic Jurisdiction 229
21—PRINCIPLES Ⅳ—EVALUATION， CODIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT 235
1.Evaluation 235
2.Codification and Development 237
22—MEMBERSHIP Ⅰ—UNIVERSALITY—MEMBERSHIP QUALIFICATIONS 242
1.Universality and Membership 242
2.Membership Qualifications 247
23—MEMBERSHIP Ⅱ—JURISDICTION—SUSPENSION AND TERMINATION OF MEMBERSHIP—LEGAL EFFECTS 256
1.Jurisdiction regarding Admission 256
2.Suspension and Termination of Membership 258
3.Legal Effects of Membership 260
24—ORGANISATION 269
1.Members and Organs 269
2.Principal and Subsidiary Organs 271
3.Organs and Agents 274
4.Organisation： Specialised Aspects 275
25—THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Ⅰ—VERALL ASSESSMENTS AND GENERAL POWERS 277
1.Judicial Overall Assessments 278
2.General Powers 282
26—THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Ⅱ—PEACE-KEEPING POWERS 286
1.Character of Peace-Keeping Powers 286
2.The Responsibilities of the General Assembly 286
3.Action under Article 11（2），U.N.Charter 287
27—THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Ⅲ—BUDGETARY POWERS 291
1.The Purposes of Article 17 291
2.Consideration and Approval of the U.N.Budget 292
3.Expenses of the Organisation 293
4.Apportionment 296
28—THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Ⅳ—SUPERVISORY POWERS 300
1.Supervision of Secondary and Subsidiary Organs 301
2.Supervision of Trust Territories 304
3.Supervision of League Mandates 307
29—THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Ⅴ—ORGANISATIONAL POWERS 319
1.Categories 319
2.Significance 321
30—THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Ⅵ—IMPLIED POWERS 323
1.Relevant Considerations 323
2.Particular Implied Powers 325
31—THE SECURITY COUNCIL 327
1.The Concert of Europe 327
2.The League Council 329
3.The Security Council 330
32—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅰ—POWERS 336
1.Representative Powers 336
2.Administrative Powers 338
3.Political Powers 343
4.Hybrid Powers 345
33—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅱ—RELATIONS WITH THE COURT 347
1.Governing Factors 347
2.Duties of the Secretary-General under the Court’s Statute 348
3.Uninvited Statements 349
4.Conflicting Functions 350
34—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅲ—U.N.SERVICE LAW： THE JOINT APPEALS BOARD AND THE UNITED NATIONS ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL 354
1.Administrative Review （Stage 1）—The Joint Appeals Board （Stage 2） 355
2.The United Nations Administrative Tribunal （Stage 3） 360
35—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅳ—U.N.SERVICE LAW：REVIEW AND REVISION PROCEEDINGS 369
1.The Screening Committee （Stage 4） 370
2.Review by the International Court of Justice（Stage 5） 373
3.Co-ordination of the Tribunal with the Court（Stage 6） 382
4.Interpretation and Revision of Judgments of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal （Stage 7） 383
5.Evaluation 385
36—THE SECRETARY GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅴ—U.N.SERVICE LAW：RULES APPLIED AND RULES REJECTED 387
1.The Place of the Administrative Tribunals in the Judicial Hierarchy 389
2.Legal Rules Applied 391
3.Rules Rejected 399
37—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅵ—U.N.SERVICE LAW：THE CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUE 403
1.The Administrative Tribunals and the Constitutional Issue 403
2.Purposes Articles 405
3.Jurisdictional Articles 407
4.Imperative Articles 410
5.An Evolving Judicial Policy？ 416
38—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅶ—U.N.SERVICE LAW：REGULATORY AND CONSENSUAL ELEMENTS 418
1.Terminology 418
2.Criteria for Distinction 418
3.Residual Issues 422
4.Evaluation 423
39—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅷ—U.N.SERVICE LAW：SERVICE CONTRACTS （Ⅰ）：PARTIES — FORMATION — TYPES — LEGAL EFFECTS 425
1.Parties 425
2.Formation 428
3.Types 430
4.Legal Effects 437
40—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅸ—U.N.SERVICE LAW：SERVICE CONTRACTS （Ⅱ）：INTERPRETATION—SEPARATION FROM SERVICE—REMEDIES 438
1.Interpretation 438
2.Separation from Service 442
3.Remedies 447
41—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅹ—U.N.SERVICE LAW：ABUSE OF POWERS 449
1.Demarcation Lines 450
2.Judicial Formulae and Tests 452
3.Abuses of Powers Established 455
4.The Elastic Frontiers of Judicial Review 457
42—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅹ—THE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNITED NATIONS SERVICE LAW 464
1.The Character of the Administrative Tribunals 464
2.The Character of the Parties 467
3.The Character of the Disputes 468
4.The Character of the Law Applied 468
5.The Character of the Evidence of Law 470
6.Synopsis 472
43—VOTING RULES 475
1.The Character of Voting Rules 475
2.League of Nations Voting Rules 480
3.United Nations Voting Rules 483
44—STATUS Ⅰ—LEGAL CAPACITY 488
1.The Test Applied 488
2.The International Personality of the United Nations 489
3.The Scope of the International Personality of the United Nations 491
4.The United Nations and the International Court of Justice 492
45—STATUS Ⅱ—PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES 495
1.The League Pattern 496
2.The United Nations Pattern 497
3.Facets of International Immunity 500
46—STATUS Ⅲ—AUTONOMY 507
1.Aspects of Autonomy 507
2.The League Approach 508
3.The United Nations Approach 509
4.The Appropriateness of Legal Restraints 510
5.The Rationale of Autonomy 513
47—OVERALL CHARACTERISATIONS 516
1.Classification of the Assessments 516
2.Assessment of the Assessments 517
3.Defining the United Nations 522
PART THREE INTER-GOVERNMENTAL UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES 525
48—INTER-GOVERNMENTAL UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES：COMMON CHARACTERISTICS 525
1.Universalism 526
2.Treaty Basis 526
3.Legal Capacity 531
4.Relations Agreements 533
5.Purposes 535
6.Structure 536
7.Powers 537
49—BASES OF JUDICIAL JURISDICTION Ⅰ—COMMON JURISDICTIONAL PROVISIONS—THE I.L.O.MODEL 1919—THE I.L.O.MODEL 1945-46 539
1.Common Jurisdictional Provisions 539
2.The I.L.O.Model 1919 542
3.The I.L.O.Model 1945-46 546
50—BASES OF JUDICIAL JURISDICTION Ⅱ—THE I.M.C.O.MODEL—THE I.C.A.O.MODEL 551
1.The I.M.C.O.Model 551
2.The I.C.A.O.Model 554
51—THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION Ⅰ—PURPOSES—POWERS—JURISDICTION 560
1.Purposes 560
2.Powers 563
3.Jurisdiction 564
52—THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION Ⅱ—MEMBERSHIP—ORGANISATION—EVALUATION 572
1.Membership 572
2.Organisation： The General Scheme 576
3.Organisation： The Chief Organs 579
4.I.L.O.Ideologies in Judicial Perspective 585
53—THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL，SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATION—THE INTERNATIONAL MARITIME CONSULTATIVE ORGANISATION 589
1.U.N.E.S.C.O 589
2.I.M.C.O 590
54—THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANISATION 598
1.Purposes 598
2.Legal Personality 599
3.Membership 601
4.Organisation 602
5.Evaluation 606
Selected Bibliography 607
Index of Persons 663
Subject Index 671