1 Measurement 1
1-1 Physical Quantities，Standards，and Units 1
1-2 Reference Frames 2
1-3 Standard of Length 3
1-4 Standard of Time 4
1-5 Systems of Units 7
2 Vectors 11
2-1 Vectors and Scalars 11
2-2 Addition of Vectors，Geometrical Method 12
2-3 Resolution and Addition of Vectors，Analytic Method 13
2-4 Multiplication of Vectors 18
3 Motion in One Dimension 25
3-1 Mechanics 25
3-2 Particle Kinematics 25
3-3 Average Velocity 26
3-4 Instantaneous Velocity 27
3-5 One-Dimensional Motion—Variable Velocity 28
3-6 Acceleration 31
3-7 One-Dimensional Motion—Variable Acceleration 32
3-8 One-Dimensional Motion—Constant Acceleration 32
3-9 Consistency of Units and Dimensions 35
3-10 Freely Falling Bodies 36
4 Motion in a Plane 43
4-1 Displacement，Velocity，and Acceleration 43
4-2 Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration 44
4-3 Projectile Motion 45
4-4 Uniform Circular Motion 48
4-5 Relative Velocity and Acceleration 51
5 Particle Dynamics 59
5-1 Introduction 59
5-2 Classical Mechanics 59
5-3 Newton’s First Law 61
5-4 Force 62
5-5 Mass；Newton’s Second Law 63
5-6 Newton’s Third Law 65
5-7 Systems of Mechanical Units 68
5-8 The Force Laws 69
5-9 Weight and Mass 70
5-10 A Static Procedure for Measuring Forces 72
5-11 Some Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion 72
5-12 Frictional Forces 78
5-13 The Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion 82
6 Work and Energy 95
6-1 Introduction 95
6-2 Work Done by a Constant Force 96
6-3 Work Done by a Variable Force—One Dimensional Case 99
6-4 Work Done by a Variable Force—Two-Dimensional Case 101
6-5 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem 102
6-6 Significance of the Work-Energy Theorem 105
6-7 Power 105
7 The Conservation of Energy 109
7-1 Introduction 109
7-2 Conservative Forces 109
7-3 Potential Energy 113
7-4 One-Dimensional Conservative Systems 116
7-5 Total Energy and the Potential Energy Curve 120
7-6 Two-and Three-Dimensional Conservative Systems 121
7-7 Nonconservative Forces 123
7-8 The Conservation of Energy 125
7-9 Mass and Energy 126
8 Conservation of Linear Momentum 135
8-1 Center of Mass 135
8-2 Motion of the Center of Mass 139
8-3 Linear Momentum of a Particle 141
8-4 Linear Momentum of a System of Particles 142
8-5 Conservation of Linear Momentum 143
8-6 Some Applications of the Momentum Principle 144
9 Collisions 153
9-1 What is a Collision？ 153
9-2 Impulse and Momentum 155
9-3 Conservation of Momentum during Collisions 155
9-4 Collisions in One Dimension 157
9-5 Collisions in Two and Three Dimensions 161
9-6 Cross Section 164
9-7 Reactions and Decay Processes 165
10 Rotational Kinematics 173
10-1 Rotational Motion 173
10-2 Rotational Kinematics—The Variables 174
10-3 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration 176
10-4 Relation between Linear and Angular Kinematics for a Particle in Circular Motion 177
11 Rotational Dynamics and the Conservation of Angular Momentum 183
11-1 Introduction 183
11-2 Torque Acting on a Particle 183
11-3 Angular Momentum of a Particle 186
11-4 Systems of Particles 189
11-5 Kinetic Energy of Rotation and Rotational Inertia 190
11-6 Rotational Dynamics of a Rigid Body 193
11-7 Conservation of Angular Momentum 199
11-8 Rotational Dynamics—A Review 204
12 Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies 209
12-1 The Equilibrium of a Rigid Body 209
12-2 Center of Gravity 211
12-3 Examples of Equilibrium 213
13 Oscillations 223
13-1 Oscillations 223
13-2 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator 225
13-3 Simple Harmonic Motion 228
13-4 Energy Considerations in Simple Harmonic Motion 232
13-5 Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion 236
13-6 Relation between Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion 238
13-7 Combinations of Harmonic Motions 241
14 Gravitation 247
14-1 The Law of Universal Gravitation 247
14-2 The Constant of Universal Gravitation，G 250
14-3 Inertial and Gravitational Mass and the Principle of Equivalence 253
14-4 Gravitational Effect of a Spherical Distribution of Mass 255
14-5 Gravitational Acceleration，g 258
14-6 The Gravitational Field 261
14-7 The Motions of Planets and Satellites 262
14-8 Gravitational Potential Energy 265
14-9 Potential Energy for Many-Particle Systems 268
14-10 Energy Considerations in the Motions of Planets and Satellites 269
15 Fluid Mechanics 277
15-1 Fluids 277
15-2 Pressure and Density 277
15-3 The Variation of Pressure in a Fluid at Rest 278
15-4 Pascal’s Principle and Archimedes’ Principle 281
15-5 Measurement of Pressure 283
15-6 Fluid Dynamics 284
15-7 Streamlines and the Equation of Continuity 286
15-8 Bernoulli’s Equation 287
15-9 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation and the Equation of Continuity 289
16 Waves in Elastic Media 299
16-1 Mechanical Waves 299
16-2 Types of Waves 300
16-3 Traveling Waves 302
16-4 Wave Speed in a Stretched String 305
16-5 Power and Intensity in Wave Motion 308
16-6 The Superposition Principle 309
16-7 Interference of Waves 310
16-8 Standing Waves 313
16-9 Resonance 316
17 Sound Waves 323
17-1 Audible，Ultrasonic，and Infrasonic Waves 323
17-2 Propagation and Speed of Longitudinal Waves 324
17-3 Traveling Longitudinal Waves 327
17-4 Vibrating Systems and Sources of Sound 329
17-5 Beats 332
17-6 The Doppler Effect 334
18 Temperature 343
18-1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Descriptions 343
18-2 Thermal Equilibrium—The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 344
18-3 Measuring Temperature 345
18-4 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale 347
18-5 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 348
18-6 The International Practical Temperature Scale 349
18-7 Temperature Expansion 350
19 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics 357
19-1 Heat，a Form of Energy 357
19-2 Quantity of Heat and Specific Heat 358
19-3 Heat Conduction 360
19-4 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 362
19-5 Heat and Work 363
19-6 The First Law of Thermodynamics 365
19-7 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics 366
20 Kinetic Theory of Gases 375
20-1 Introduction 375
20-2 Ideal Gas—A Macroscopic Description 376
20-3 Ideal Gas—A Microscopic Description 378
20-4 Kinetic Calculation of the Pressure 379
20-5 Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature 382
20-6 Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 383
20-7 Equipartition of Energy 386
20-8 Mean Free Path 391
20-9 Distribution of Molecular Speeds 393
21 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 401
21-1 Introduction 401
21-2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 401
21-3 The Carnot Cycle 403
21-4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 407
21-5 The Efficiency of Engines 409
21-6 Entropy—Reversible Processes 411
21-7 Entropy—Irreversible Processes 413
21-8 Entropy and the Second Law 415
22 Charge and Matter 421
22-1 Electromagnetism 421
22-2 Electric Charge 422
22-3 Conductors and Insulators 423
22-4 Coulomb’s Law 423
22-5 Charge is Quantized 427
22-6 Charge and Matter 427
22-7 Charge is Conserved 429
23 The Electric Field 433
23-1 The Electric Field 433
23-2 The Electric Field E 434
23-3 Lines of Force 435
23-4 Calculation of E 437
23-5 A Point Charge in an Electric Field 440
23-6 A Dipole in an Electric Field 442
24 Gauss’s Law 449
24-1 Flux of the Electric Field 449
24-2 Gauss’s Law 452
24-3 Gauss’s Law and Coulomb’s Law 452
24-4 An Insulated Conductor 453
24-5 Experimental Proof of Gauss’s and Coulomb’s Laws 454
24-6 Gauss’s Law—Some Applications 455
25 Electric Potential 465
25-1 Electric Potential 465
25-2 Potential and the Electric Field 468
25-3 Potential Due to a Point Charge 470
25-4 A Group of Point Charges 472
25-5 Potential Due to a Dipole 474
25-6 Electric Potential Energy 475
25-7 Calculation of E From V 478
25-8 An Insulated Conductor 480
25-9 The Electrostatic Generator 481
26 Capacitors and Dielectrics 489
26-1 Capacitance 489
26-2 Calculating Capacitance 492
26-3 Parallel-Plate Capacitor with Dielectric 494
26-4 Dielectrics—An Atomic View 496
26-5 Dielectrics and Gauss’s Law 498
26-6 Energy Storage in an Electric Field 499
27 Current and Resistance 507
27-1 Current and Current Density 507
27-2 Resistance，Resistivity，and Conductivity 510
27-3 Ohm’s Law 512
27-4 Resistivity—An Atomic View 514
27-5 Energy Transfers in an Electric Circuit 516
28 Electromotive Force and Circuits 521
28-1 Electromotive Force 521
28-2 Calculating the Current 523
28-3 Other Single-Loop Circuits 524
28-4 Potential Differences 525
28-5 Multiloop Circuits 528
28-6 RC Circuits 530
29 The Magnetic Field 537
29-1 The Magnetic Field 537
29-2 The Deffnition of B 538
29-3 Magnetic Force on a Current 541
29-4 Torque on a Current Loop 542
29-5 The Hall Effect 545
29-6 Circulating Charges 546
29-7 The Cyclotron 548
29-8 Thomson’s Experiment 550
30 Ampere’s Law 557
30-1 Ampere’s Law 557
30-2 B Near a Long Wire 561
30-3 Lines of R 562
30-4 Two Parallel Conductors 563
30-5 B for a Solenoid 565
30-6 The Biot-Savart Law 568
31 Faraday’s Law 577
31-1 Faraday’s Experiments 577
31-2 Faraday’s Law of Induction 578
31-3 Lenz’s Law 579
31-4 Induction—A Quantitative Study 581
31-5 Time-Varying Magnetic Fields 584
31-6 The Betatron 587
32 Inductance 597
32-1 Inductance 597
32-2 Calculation of Inductance 598
32-3 An LR Circuit 600
32-4 Energy and the Magnetic Field 603
32-5 Energy Density and the Magnetic Field 605
33 Magnetic Properties of Matter 611
33-1 Poles and Dipoles 611
33-2 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism 614
33-3 Paramagnetism 615
33-4 Diamagnetism 617
33-5 Ferromagnetism 619
34 Electromagnetic Oscillations 625
34-1 LC Oscillations 625
34-2 Analogy to Simple Harmonic Motion 628
34-3 Electromagnetic Oscillations—Quantitative 629
34-4 Induced Magnetic Fields 632
34-5 Displacement Current 634
34-6 Maxwell’s Equations 635
35 Electromagnetic Waves 639
35-1 Introduction 639
35-2 Radiation Sources 640
35-3 Traveling Waves and Maxwell’s Equations 641
35-4 Energy and the Poynting Vector 646
35-5 Momentum 648
35-6 Polarization 649
35-7 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 653
35-8 The Speed of Light 654
35-9 Moving Sources and Observers 657
35-10 Doppler Effect 660
36 Geometrical Optics 669
36-1 Geometrical Optics 669
36-2 Reflection and Refraction—Plane Waves and Plane Surfaces 669
36-3 Huygens’ Principle 672
36-4 The Law of Refraction 673
36-5 Total Internal Reflection 675
36-6 Brewster’s Law 676
36-7 Spherical Waves—Plane Mirror 678
36-8 Spherical Waves—Spherical Mirror 681
36-9 Spherical Waves—Spherical Refracting Surface 686
36-10 Thin Lenses 689
37 Interference 703
37-1 Wave Optics 703
37-2 Young’s Experiment 705
37-3 Coherence 708
37-4 Intensity of Interfering Waves 710
37-5 Interference from Thin Films 714
37-6 Michelson’s Interferometer 718
38 Diffraction，Gratings，and Spectra 725
38-1 Diffraction 725
38-2 Single Slit 728
38-3 Diffraction from a Single Slit—Qualitative 730
38-4 Diffraction from a Single Slit—Quantitative 732
38-5 Diffraction from a Circular Aperture 735
38-6 Diffraction from a Double Slit 738
38-7 Multiple Slits 741
38-8 Diffraction Gratings 744
38-9 Resolving Power of a Grating 746
38-10 X-ray Diffraction 748
39 Light and Quantum Physics 757
39-1 Sources of Light 757
39-2 Cavity Radiators 758
39-3 Planck’s Radiation Formula 760
39-4 Photoelectric Effect 763
39-5 Einstein’s Photon Theory 765
39-6 The Compton Effect 766
39-7 Line Spectra 770
39-8 Atomic Models—The Bohr Hydrogen Atom 771
39-9 The Correspondence Principle 776
40 Waves and Particles 781
40-1 Matter Waves 781
40-2 Atomic Structure and Standing Waves 784
40-3 Wave Mechanics 784
40-4 Meaning of ψ 787
40-5 The Uncertainty Principle 789
Appendices 795
A Physical Standards and Constants 795
B Some Terrestrial Data 797
C The Solar System 798
D Periodic Table of the Elements 799
E Conversion Factors 800
F Mathematical Symbols and the Greek Alphabet 807
G Mathematical Formulas 808
H Values of Trigonometric Functions 811
I Nobel Prize Winners in Physics 813
Index 817