Introduction 1
PART ONE Why Constitutional Identity and for Whom？ 15
1 The Constitutional Subject: Singular， Plural or Universal？ 17
1.1 Who Is the Constitutional Subject？ 18
1.2 Constitutional Identity and the Dynamic Between Sameness and Selfhood 27
2 The Constitutional Subject and the Clash of Self and Other: On The Uses Of Negation， Metaphor and Metonymy 37
2.1 The Constitutional Self and the Clash Between Self and Other 38
2.2 Construction， Deconstruction and Reconstruction of Constitutional Identity 41
2.3 The Constructive Tools of Constitutional Discourse:Negation， Metaphor and Metonymy 45
2.3.1 Negation 46
2.3.2 Metaphor 51
2.3.3 Metonymy 53
2.4 Constitutional Discourse as Interplay Between Negation， Metaphor and Metonymy 58
2.5 The Constitutional Subject and the Potential Reconciliation of the Singular， the Plural and the Universal 65
PART TWO Producing Constitutional Identity 71
3 Reinventing Tradition Through Constitutional Interpretation: The Case of Unenumerated Rights in the United States 73
3.1 Building and Differentiating Constitutional Identity 73
3.2 Setting American Unenumerated Rights Against Tradition 75
3.3 The Metaphoric and Metonymic Dimensions of Tradition 78
3.4 Reinventing Tradition Through Overdetermination:From the Sanctity of Marriage to the Dignity of Homosexual Sex 81
3.4.1 Griswold and the Metonymic Path from Marriage to Contraception 82
3.4.2 The Lockean Gloss on Griswold 90
3.4.3 Eisenstadt and Molding the Tradition to Encompass Non-Marital Heterosexual Sex 96
3.4.4 Roe and the Challenge of Fitting Abortion within the Reinvented Tradition 99
3.4.5 The Reinvented Tradition’s Contradictory Approaches to Homosexual Sex 104
3.4.5（i） Bowers: Drawing the Line at Homosexual Sodomy 105
3.4.5（ii） Lawrence’s Encompassing of Homosexual Sex within the Reinvented Tradition 110
3.5 The Reinvented Tradition and the Clash Between Liberalism and Illiberalism 116
3.6 The Reinvented Tradition and Reliance on Foreign Legal Authorities 119
3.7 Concluding Remark: Overdetermination and Blending Tradition and Counter-tradition 123
4 Recasting and Reorienting Identity Through Constitution-Making: The Pivotal Case of Spain’s 1978 Constitution 127
4.1 Constitution-making in Context 128
4.2 The Place of Violence in Constitution Making 132
4.3 The Extraordinary Case of Spain’s Peacefully Pacted Constitution 134
4.3.1 The King as Repository of National and Constitutional Unity 142
PART THREE Constitutional Identity as Bridge between Self and Other:Binding Together Citizenship， History and Society 147
5 Constitutional Models: Shaping， Nurturing and Guiding the Constitutional Subject 149
5.1 The German Constitutional Model 152
5.2 The French Constitutional Model 156
5.3 The American Constitutional Model 158
5.4 The British Constitutional Model 163
5.5 The Spanish Model 169
5.6 The European Transnational Constitutional Model 172
5.7 The Post-Colonial Constitutional Model 179
6 Models Of Constitution Making 185
6.1 The Revolution-Based Model 188
6.2 The Invisible British Model 191
6.3 The War-Based Model 194
6.4 The Pacted Transition Model 197
6.5 The Transnational Model 201
6.6 The Internationally Grounded Model 206
6.7 Constitutional Amendment， Revision and Reform 209
7 The Constitutional Subject and Clashing Visions of Citizenship: Can We Be Beyond What We are Not？ 211
7.1 The Theoretical Foundations of Modern Citizenship: Universal Equality within a Particular Nation 213
7.1.1 Historical Nexus Between Equal Citizenship and the Nation-State 215
7.1.2 Social Contract Theory and Modern Equal Citizenship 217
7.2 The Functional Dimension of Citizenship 221
7.3 The Identitarian Dimension of Citizenship and the Evolution from the Mono-Ethnic to the Multi-Ethnic Polity 223
7.3.1 The Feminist Case for Differentiated Citizenship 225
7.3.2 National Minorities and the Problematization of Differentiated Citizenship 227
7.4 Global Migration and the Decoupling of the Functional and the Identitarian Dimensions of Citizenship 233
7.5 Transnational Citizenship and Recasting the Dynamic between Function and Identity 235
7.5.1 The Case of EU Citizenship 236
7.5.2 The Changing Dynamic between EU and Member-State Citizenship 239
7.5.3 Transnational Citizenship Beyond the EU？ 241
8 Can The Constitutional Subject Go Global？ Imagining a Convergence of the Universal， the Particular and the Singular 243
8.1 Constitutional Reordering in an Era of Globalization and Privatization 245
8.2 The Nexus between Human Rights and Constitutional Rights 251
8.3 Constitutional Patriotism as Transnational Constitutional Identity？ 258
8.3.1 Constitutional Patriotism in Historical Perspective 259
8.3.2 Constitutional Patriotism in a Layered and a Segmented Transnational Legal Order？ 261
8.4 Concluding Remarks: Reaching for the Transnational Constitutional Subject by Reconciling the Universal and the Singular Through the Plural 269
Notes 281
Bibliography 309
Index 319