PART I THE ANALYSIS OF CAUSAL CONCEPTS 1
INTRODUCTION 1
Ⅰ. PHILOSOPHICAL PRELIMINARIES 9
Ⅰ. Particular and General 9
Ⅱ. Hume and Mill 13
Ⅲ. Defects of Mill's Analysis 22
Ⅱ. CAUSATION AND COMMON SENSE 26
Ⅰ The Variety of Causal Concepts 26
Ⅱ. Cause and Effect: the Central Notion 28
Ⅲ. Causation and Explanation 32
Ⅳ. Causal Generalizations 44
Ⅴ. Interpersonal Transactions: Reasons and Causes 51
Ⅵ. Opportunities 59
Ⅲ. CAUSATION AND RESPONSIBILITY 62
Ⅰ. Responsibility in Law and Morals 62
Ⅱ. Tracing Consequences 68
Ⅳ. CAUSATION IN LEGAL THEORY 84
Ⅰ. The Variety of Causal Questions 84
Ⅱ. The Traditional Approach 88
Ⅲ. Modern Criticism 95
Ⅴ. CAUSATION AND SINE QUA NON 109
Ⅰ. Necessary Conditions 109
Ⅱ. When Conditions sine qua non are causally irrelevant 114
Ⅲ. When causally relevant factors are not Conditions sine qua non 122
Ⅳ. General Importance of Condition sine qua non 128
PART Ⅱ THE COMMON LAW 130
INTRODUCTION 130
Ⅵ. THE LAW OF TORT: CAUSING HARM 133
Ⅰ. Voluntary Human Conduct 136
Ⅱ. Abnormality 162
Ⅶ. THE LAW OF TORT: INDUCING WRONGFUL ACTS, OCCASIONING HARM 186
Ⅰ. Inducing Wrongful Acts 187
Ⅱ. Occasioning Harm 194
Ⅷ. CONCURRENT CAUSES AND CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE 205
Ⅰ. Contributory Causes 207
Ⅱ. How Responsibility is allocated when there are Contributory Causes 225
Ⅲ. Additional Causes 235
Ⅳ. Alternative Causes 249
Ⅸ. FORESEEABILITY AND RISK 254
Ⅰ. The Doctrine that only Foreseeable Harm is Recoverable 259
Ⅱ. The Doctrine that all Foreseeable Harm is Recoverable 275
Ⅲ. The Risk Theory 284
Ⅹ. THE SENSE OF JUDGMENT AND MORAL BLAME 291
Ⅰ. Green's View 292
Ⅱ. Moral Blame 299
Ⅲ. The Scope of the Law of Tort 304
ⅩⅠ. CAUSATION AND CONTRACT 308
Ⅰ. Economic Loss 309
Ⅱ. Limitations on Liability in Contract 312
Ⅲ. Risk in Contract 321
ⅩⅡ. CRIMINAL LAW: CAUSING HARM 325
Ⅰ. Voluntary Conduct 326
Ⅱ. Abnormality 340
Ⅲ. Contributory Causes 351
Ⅳ. Doctor's or Victim's Negligence 352
ⅩⅢ. CRIMINAL LAW: CAUSING, INDUCING, PERMITTING, HELPING OTHERS TO ACT 363
Ⅰ. The Principal Offender 363
Ⅱ. Participation in Crime 377
ⅩⅣ. CAUSATION AND THE PRINCIPLES of PUNISHMENT 389
Ⅰ. Causation and Imputation 391
Ⅱ. The Draft American Model Penal Code 394
Ⅲ. The Scope of Criminal Liability 403
ⅩⅤ. EⅥDENCE AND PROCEDURE 406
Ⅰ. Evidence on Causal Issues 406
Ⅱ. Procedural Effect of Evidence Adduced 421
Ⅲ. The Division of Function between Judge and Jury 428
PART Ⅲ THE CONTINENTAL THEORIES 431
ⅩⅥ. INDIⅥDUALIZING THEORIES AND THEORY OF CONDITIONS (BEDINGUNGSTHEORIE) 431
Ⅰ. Individualizing Theories of Causation 436
Ⅱ. Rise of the Theory of Conditions (Bedingungstheorie) 442
Ⅲ. The Notion of a Condition 445
Ⅳ. The Identification of Causes and Conditions 459
ⅩⅦ. THE GENERALIZING THEORIES: ADEQUATE CAUSE 465
Ⅰ. Rise of the Adequate Cause Theory 467
Ⅱ. Detailed Application of the Adequacy Theory 478
Ⅲ. Limitation of Responsibility by Reference to Commonsense Causal Principles 495
LIST OF PRINCIPAL WORKS CITED 498
INDEX 508