Chapter 1 - Scientia Iuris and Ius Naturae:The Jurisprudence of the Holy Roman Empire in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries(by Merio Scattola) 1
1.1. Introductory Remarks 1
1.2. Main Characteristics of Legal and Political Thought in the Early Seventeenth Century 2
1.2.1. An Academic Discipline 2
1.2.2. Jurisprudence and Politics 5
1.3. Legal Doctrine in the Early Seventeenth Century 7
1.3.1. Dialectics and Law: The System of Academic Teaching 7
1.3.2. A Topological Philosophy of Law 9
1.3.3. The Transformation of Jurisprudence in the Seventeenth Century 12
1.4. The History of Natural Law in the Late Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries 15
1.5. The Epistemology of Modern Natural Law 28
1.5.1. The Method of Rational Calculation 28
1.5.2. The Principle of Natural Law 29
1.5.3. The History of Natural Law as the History of Its Principles 32
1.5.4. Rational Constraint 37
1.5.5. The Enforcement of Natural Law in Political Society 39
Chapter 2- French Legal Science in the 17th and 18th Centuries: To the Limits of the Theory of Law(by Jean-Louis Halpérin) 43
2.1. Domat and the Systematic Construction of the Law 48
2.1.1. Didactic Intentions 51
2.1.2. The Traité des lois and the Foundations of Natural Law 53
2.1.3. Duties and Successions: Necessary Liaisons between Men 56
2.1.4. Public Law, an Accessory or a Necessary Complement to Civil Law? 60
2.2. Pothier and the Systematic Description of Private Law 61
2.2.1. The Sources of the French Law System 62
2.2.2. The Subjects of a General Part of Private Law 66
Chapter 3 - Conceptual Aspects of Legal Enlightenment in Europe(by Maximiliano Hernández Marcos) 69
3.1. General Idea of the European Legal Enlightenment 70
3.1.1. On the Concept of the Enlightenment in Europe 70
3.1.1.1. The Temporalisation of History 72
3.1.1.2. The Conceptualisation of the Metaphor of Light 73
3.1.1.3. Enlightenment as Politicisation 76
3.1.2. Structural Aspects of the Enlightened Conscience of Law.Panoramic Overview 77
3.2. The Obscureness of Jurisprudence 84
3.2.1. The Twilight of the Justinian Myth 87
3.2.2. The Struggle against Obscurity in Judicial Interpretation 89
3.2.2.1. The Canon of Literal Interpretation 90
3.2.2.2. Authentic Interpretation and Recourse to the Legislator 94
3.3. The Natural Light of Reason in Jurisprudence 96
3.3.1. From Natural Law to the Science of Legislation 97
3.3.1.1. The Historical Formation of the Science of Legislation: the State as a Legislator and the Rationality of the Sovereign Will 99
3.3.1.2. Criteria of Rationality and Forms of Development of the Science of Legislation 102
3.3.2. The Meanings of Law 108
3.3.2.1. The Law as a Mandate 108
3.3.2.2. The Law as a Necessary Relation 112
3.3.2.3. The Law as a General Will 116
3.3.3. The Space of Private Rights: Natural Liberty and Civil Liberty 118
3.3.4. The Lights of Reason of Criminal Law 124
3.3.4.1. Basic Doctrinal Lines of Criminalist Culture:A Historical Balance 125
3.3.4.2. Concerning New Concepts of Crime and Punishment 131
Chapter 4 - The Many Faces of the Codification of Law in Modern Continental Europe (by Damiano Canale) 135
4.1. Codes and Codifications: An Overview 135
4.2. Three Discursive Levels 137
4.2.1. Legislative Technique 137
4.2.2. Legal Theory 138
4.2.3. Legal Philosophy 140
4.3. Natural Law and Codification 141
4.4. An Alternative Framework 144
4.4.1. Three Theses 144
4.4.2. State, Civil Society, and Codification 146
4.5. The French Model (Code Civil, 1804) 149
4.5.1. Theoretical Background 150
4.5.1.1. The Heritage of French Legal Science 150
4.5.1.2. Natural Law and Revolution 152
4.5.1.3. Legislation as Education to Social Morality 154
4.5.1.4. Portalis's Reading of Montesquieu's Science of Government 155
4.5.1.5. Did Bentham Influence the French Path to Codification? 157
4.5.2. The Constitutional Plan 158
4.5.3. Structural Features 160
4.6. The Prussian Model (ALR, 1794) 164
4.6.1. Theoretical Background 165
4.6.1.1. Christian Wolff and the German Rank Society (st?ndische Gesellschaft) 166
4.6.1.2. The Wolffian School: From Practical Philosophy to the Science of Legislation 167
4.6.2. The Constitutional Plan 169
4.6.3. Structural Features 171
4.7. The Austrian Model (ABGB, 1811) 174
4.7. 1. Theoretical Background 175
4.7.1.1. Catholic Natural Law and Legislation 175
4.7.1.2. Zeiller's Reception of Kant's Philosophy of Law 176
4.7.2. The Constitutional Plan 178
4.7.3. Structural Features 179
4.8. Conclusion 182
Chapter 5 - German Legal Science: The Crisis of Natural Law Theory, the Historicisms, and "Conceptual Jurisprudence"(by Paolo Becchi) 185
5.1. Introduction 185
5.2. Gustav Hugo and the Crisis of German Natural Law Theory 186
5.2.1. From Natural Law Theory to the"Philosophy of Positive Law" 186
5.2.2. A Few Comparisons with the Late Natural Law Tradition in Germany 188
5.3. Thibaut and Savigny: The Polemic on Codification 192
5.3.1. Premise 192
5.3.2. Thibaut's Position 192
5.3.2.1. Political Background 192
5.3.2.2. Codification as a Way to Supersede "Legal Particularism" and Simplify the Legal Framework 194
5.3.2.3. Legal and Political Ideology 197
5.3.3. Savigny's Criticism 200
5.3.3.1. Meaning and Limitations of an Interpretive Guide 200
5.3.3.2. The Historicity of Law and the Role of the Jurists 201
5.3.3.3. Legislation and the Jurists' Law (Juristenrecht) 203
5.3.3.3.1. The Law 203
5.3.3.3.2. The Jurists' Law 205
5.3.3.3.3. The Problem of Interpretation: A Brief Overview 207
5.4. Hegel, Law, and the Jurists 209
5.4.1. The Traditional View 209
5.4.2. A New, and Different, Start 212
5.4.3. The Judge and the Law 215
5.5. Puchta and the Autonomy of Legal Doctrine 218
5.5.1. Premise 218
5.5.2. A Formally Equal Law 219
5.5.3. A "Pure" Science of Law 221
Chapter 6 - Science of Administration and Administrative Law(by Luca Mannori and Bernardo Sordi) 225
6.1. Definition of the Topic and Problems of Method 225
6.2. Between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age:The Primacy of Justice 226
6.3. The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries:The Growth of Public Tasks 229
6.4. The Seventeenth-Eighteenth Century:The Formation of Commissarial Bureaucracies 232
6.5. The Language of the Revolution 234
6.6. The Invention of Administrative Law 237
6.7. In Search of the "Rechtsstaat" 242
6.8. Administrative Law and Science of Administration:Towards the Primacy of the Legal Method 248
6.9. The Slow Emersion of Administrative Law in England 252
6.10. The Discovery of Service Public 254
6.11. Development and Decline of State Interventionism 256
Chapter 7 - Constitutionalism(by Maurizio Fioravanti) 263
7.1. Foreword 263
7.2. Constitutionalism of the Origins 266
7.3. Constitutionalism of Revolutions 274
7.4. Constitutionalism of the Liberal Age 286
7.5. Conclusions: A Look at the Twentieth Century 296
Chapter 8- From Jhering to Radbruch: On the Logic of Traditional Legal Concepts to the Social Theories of Law to the Renewal of Legal Idealism (by Hasso Hofman n) 301
8.1. Preface 301
8.2. Rudolf von Jhering's Discovery of the Purpose in Law 302
8.2.1. Life and Works 302
8.2.2. "Constructive Jurisprudence" according to the "Method of Natural History" 303
8.2.3. The Crisis—The Struggle for Right 306
8.2.4. From Legal Formalism to Legal Naturalism 308
8.2.5. The Question of Legal Positivism 310
8.2.6. An Evolutionary Theory of Law 313
8.2.7. Importance and Impact 315
8.2.7.1. Jhering as a Precursor 315
8.2.7.2. The Modern School of Criminal Law, the Free Law Movement and Jurisprudence of Interests 317
8.2.7.3. Sociological Jurisprudence (Roscoe Pound) 318
8.3. Social Theories of Law ("Legal Naturalism") 319
8.3.1. The Legal Theorists of the New "Scientific School"in France 319
8.3.1.1. Fran?ois Gény 319
8.3.1.2. Léon Duguit 321
8.3.1.3. Maurice Hauriou 322
8.3.2. Adolf Merkel's Allgemeine Rechtslehre (General Theory of Law) as a "Positivistic Philosophy o fLaw" 324
8.3.3. Jurisprudence in the Class Society—Anton Menger's "Jurists' Socialism" 327
8.3.4. Otto yon Gierke's Social Law of Associations 331
8.3.4.1. Gierke's Position and Importance 331
8.3.4.2. Life and Scientific Development 332
8.3.4.3. Central Topics: The Actual Body Corporate and the Development of the Law of Associations 335
8.4. Towards Legal Neo-Idealism 337
8.4.1. Josef Kohler's Criticism of Jhering in the Name of Metaphysics 337
8.4.2. Fritz Berolzheimer's Neo-Hegelian "Real Idealism" 342
8.4.3. The Purpose of Law as a Value—The Neo-Kantian Beginnings of Gustav Radbruch and the End of the "Long 19th Century" 347
8.4.3.1. Roots 347
8.4.3.2. Radbruch's Review of the 19th Century 350
Bibliography 355
Index of Subjects 399
Index of Names 401