1 Introduction 1
1.1 Fundamental operating principles 1
1.2 Early internal combustion engine development 6
1.3 Characteristics of internal combustion engines 13
1.4 Additional types of internal combustion engine 15
1.4.1 The Wankel engine 16
1.4.2 Stratified charge engines 17
1.5 Prospects for internal combustion engines 19
2 Thermodynamic Principles 22
2.1 Introduction and definitions of efficiency 22
2.2 Ideal air standard cycles 25
2.2.1 The ideal air standard Otto cycle 25
2.2.2 The ideal air standard Diesel cycle 26
2.2.3 The ideal air standard Dual cycle 29
2.2.4 The ideal air standard Atkinson cycle 29
2.3 Comparison between thermodynamic and mechanical cycles 30
2.4 Additional performance parameters for internal combustion engines 32
2.5 Fuel-air cycle 35
2.6 Computer models 39
2.7 Conclusions 41
2.8 Examples 43
2.9 Problems 45
3 Combustion and Fuels 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Combustion chemistry and fuel chemistry 50
3.3 Combustion thermodynamics 55
3.4 Dissociation 60
3.5 Combustion in spark ignition engines 62
3.5.1 Normal combustion 62
3.5.2 Abnormal combustion 64
3.6 Combustion in compression ignition engines 65
3.7 Fuels ？nd additives 66
3.7.1 Charac？？istics of petrol 67
3.7.2 Character stics of d？esel fuel 73
3.8 En？ine emissions 76
3.9 Combu t？on modelling 79
3.9 Introduction 79
3.9.2 Zero-d？mnensional models 80
3.9.3 Quasi-dimensional models 82
3.10 Con？lusions 84
3.11 Examples 84
3.12 Pro lems 94
4 Spark Ignition Engines 96
4.1 Introduction 96
4.2 Combustion chambers 98
4.2.1 Conventional combustion chambers 98
4.2.2 High compression ratio combustion chambers 104
4.3 Ignition systems 107
4.4 Carburettors 111
4.4.1 Variable jet carburettor 115
4.4.2 Fixed jet carburettor 116
4.5 Fuel injection 121
4.6 Electronic control of engines 122
4.7 Conclusions 127
4.8 Example 128
4.9 Problems 129
5 Compression Ignition Engines 131
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Direct injection（DI）systems 132
5.3 Indire？t injection（IDI）systems 137
5.4 Cold starting of compression ignition engines 141
5.5 Fuel injection equipment 145
5.5.1 Fuel injectors 147
5.5.2 Injector pumps 152
5.5.3 Interconnection of pumps and injec？ors 157
5.6 Conclusions 161
5.7 Example 162
5.8 Problems 163
6 Induction and Exhaust Processes 165
6.1 Introduction 165
6.2 Valve gear 166
6.2.1 Valve types 166
6.2.2 Valve-operating systems 166
6.2.3 Flow characteristics of poppet valves 170
6.2.4 Valve timing 173
6.2.5 Dynamic behaviour of valve gear 175
6.3 Unsteady compressible fluid flow 178
6.4 Manifold design 181
6.5 Silencing 185
6.6 Conclusions 187
6.7 Problems 187
7 Turbocharging 188
7.1 Introduction 188
7.2 Radial flow and axial flow machines 191
7.3 Turbocharging the compression ignition engine 201
7.4 Turbocharging the spark ignition engine 206
7.5 Conclusions 212
7.6 Examples 213
7.7 Problems 217
8 Mechanical Design Considerations 218
8.1 Introduction 218
8.2 The disposition and number of the cylinders 219
8.3 Cylinder block and head materials 223
8.4 The piston and rings 226
8.5 The connecting-rod，crankshaft，camshaft and valves 228
8.6 Lubrication and bearings 232
8.6.1 Lubrication 232
8.6.2 Bearing materials 235
8.7 Conclusions 239
9 Experimental Facilities 240
9.1 Introduction 240
9.2 Simple engine testrig 241
9.2.1 Dynamometers 241
9.2.2 Fuel-consumption measurement 244
9.2.3 Air flow rate 246
9.2.4 Indicator diagrams 247
9.2.5 Indicated power 249
9.2.6 Engine test conditions 251
9.2.7 Energy balance 252
9.3 Experimental accuracy 253
9.4 Advanced test systems 255
9.5 Conclusions 260
10 Case Studies 261
10.1 Introduction 261
10.2 Jaguar V 12 HE engine 261
10.2.1 Background 261
10.2.2 Engine development 263
10.2.3 Jaguar V12 ignition and mixture preparation development 266
10.2.4 Combustion chamber development 269
10.3 Chrysler 2.2 litre spark ignition engine 272
10.3.1 Background 272
10.3.2 The cylinder head 272
10.3.3 The cylinder block and associated components 276
10.3.4 Combustion control 277
10.3.5 Catalyst systems 277
10.4 Ford 2.5 litre DI Diesel engine 281
10.4.1 Background 281
10.4.2 Description 282
10.4.3 The combustion system 284
Appendix A：The Use of SI Units 288
Appendix B：Answers to Numerical Problems 291
Appendix C：Engine Specifications 292
C.1 Sulzer marine compression ignition engines 292
C.2 Ford‘Dover’90-150 series direct injection compression ignition engines 294
C.3 Rolls Royce CV12 direct injection compression ignition engine 295
C.4 Ford V6 ‘Essex’ spark ignition engine 295
C.5 Chrysler 875 cm 3 spark ignition engine 296
C.6 Jaguar V 12 spark ignition engine 297
C.7 Chrysler 2.2 litre spark ignition engine 297
C.8 Fiat-Sofim indirect injection compression ignition engine 298
C.9 Ford 2.5 litre DI Diesel engine 299
C.10 Volvo-Penta 2-stroke spark ignition outboard motor engines 301
Appendix D：Stratified Charge Engines 302
Appendix E：Engine tuning 305
E.1 Introduction 305
E.2 Tuning for spark ignition engine economy 305
E.3 Tuning for spark ignition engine output 307
Bibliography 310
References 312
Index 315