Introduction 1
Law and History 11
Law and Revolution 18
The Crisis of the Western Legal Tradition 33
Toward a Social Theory of Law 41
PART Ⅰ: THE PAPAL REVOLUTION AND THE CANON LAW 47
1. The Background of the Western Legal Tradition: The Folklaw 49
Tribal Law 52
Dynamic Elements in Germanic Law: Christianity and Kingship 62
Penitential Law and Its Relation to the Folklaw 68
2. The Origin of the Western Legal Tradition in the Papal Revolution 85
Church and Empire: The Cluniac Reform 88
The Dictates of the Pope 94
The Revolutionary Character of the Papal Revolution 99
Social-Psychological Causes and Consequences of the Papal Revolution 107
The Rise of the Modern State 113
The Rise of Modern Legal Systems 115
3. The Origin of Western Legal Science in the European Universities 120
The Law School at Bologna 123
The Curriculum and Teaching Method 127
The Scholastic Method of Analysis and Synthesis 131
The Relation of Scholasticism to Greek Philosophy and Roman Law 132
The Application of the Scholastic Dialectic to Legal Science 143
Law as a Prototype of Western Science 151
4. Theological Sources of the Western Legal Tradition 165
Last Judgment and Purgatory 166
The Sacrament of Penance 172
The Sacrament of the Eucharist 173
The New Theology: St. Anselm's Doctrine of Atonement 174
The Legal Implications of the Doctrine of the Atonement 179
Theological Sources of Western Criminal Law 181
The Canon Law of Crimes 185
5. Canon Law: The First Modern Western Legal System 199
The Relation of Canon Law to Roman Law 204
Constitutional Foundations of the Canon Law System 205
Corporation Law as the Constitutional Law of the Church 215
Limitations on Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction 221
6. Structural Elements of the System of Canon Law 225
The Canon Law of Marriage 226
The Canon Law of Inheritance 230
The Canon Law of Property 237
The Canon Law of Contracts 245
Procedure 250
The Systematic Character of Canon Law 253
7. Becket versus Henry II: The Competition of Concurrent Jurisdictions 255
The Constitutions of Clarendon 256
Benefit of Clergy and Double Jeopardy 259
Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in England 260
Writs of Prohibition 264
PART Ⅱ: THE FORMATION OF SECULAR LEGAL SYSTEMS 271
8. The Concept of Secular Law 273
The Emergence of New Theories of Secular Government and Secular Law 275
John of Salisbury, Founder of Western Political Science 276
Theories of the Roman and Canon Lawyers 288
The Rule of Law 292
9. Feudal Law 295
Feudal Custom in the West Prior to the Eleventh Century 297
The Emergence of a System of Feudal Law 303
10. Manorial Law 316
Objectivity and Universality 321
Reciprocity of Rights of Lords and Peasants 322
Participatory Adjudication 324
Integration and Growth 328
11. Mercantile Law 333
Religion and the Rise of Capitalism 336
The New System of Commercial Law 339
12. Urban Law 356
Causes of the Rise of the Modern City 359
The Origins of the Cities and Towns of Western Europe 363
Picardy (France): Cambrai, Beauvais+, Laon 364
France: Lorris, Montauban 368
Normandy: Verneuil 369
Flanders: Saint-Omer, Bruges, Ghent 370
Germany: Cologne, Freiburg, Lubeck, Magdeburg 371
England: London, Ipswich 380
The Italian Cities 386
Guilds and Guild Law 390
The Main Characteristics of Urban Law 392
The City as a Historical Community 399
13. Royal Law: Sicily, England, Normandy, France 404
The Norman Kingdom of Sicily 409
The Norman State 414
The Personality of Roger II 417
The Norman Legal System 419
The Growth of Royal Law in Norman Italy 424
England 434
The Personality of Henry II 438
The English State 440
English Royal Law ("The Common Law") 445
The Science of the English Common Law 457
Normandy 459
France 461
The Personality of Philip Augustus 463
The French State 464
The French System of Royal Justice 467
French Royal Civil and Criminal Law 473
French and English Royal Law Compared 477
14. Royal Law: Germany, Spain, Flanders, Hungary, Denmark 482
Germany 482
Imperial Law 482
The personality and vision of Frederick Barbarossa 488
The imperial peace statutes (Landfrieden) 493
The Mirror of Saxon Law (Sachsenspiegel) 503
The Law of the Principalities 505
Spain, Flanders, Hungary, Denmark 510
Royal Law and Canon Law 516
Conclusion 520
Beyond Marx, Beyond Weber 538
Abbreviations 560
Notes 561
Acknowledgements 636
Index 637