Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Foundations of the Legal System 7
A) United States 7
B) Japan 14
1) Pre-Meiji Japan 14
2) Meiji Japan's Adoption of Western Legal Models 20
C) What You See May Not Be What You Get 23
1) 'Restoration'? 23
2) A Western Legal System? 25
Chapter 3 Constitutional Ideology 31
A) United States 31
B) Japan 35
C) What You See May Not Be What You Get 40
1) Executive and Legislative Power 40
2) Limits on National Government Powers - Local Government Powers 48
3) Limitations on Private Actions Deemed in Violation of the Constitution 55
4) Hortatory Rights - Public Welfare Restraints 62
Chapter 4 Separation of Church and State 67
A) United States 67
B) Japan 73
C) What You See May Not Be What You Get 74
1) Tsu City Case: 76
2) Ehime Prefecture Case 77
3) Miscellaneous Cases 79
4) Enshrinement Case 82
Chapter 5 Equality and Issues of Discrimination and Family 85
A) Racial and Ethnic Discrimination 85
1) United States 85
2) Japan 91
3) What You See May Not Be What You Get 92
a) Non-Japanese Citizens 93
b) Burakumin 102
c) Ainu 105
B) Sex Discrimination and the Family 110
1) United States 110
2) Japan 117
3) What You See May Not Be What You Get 123
a) Family Law Issues 123
b) Sex Discrimination 142
Chapter 6 The Judiciary 157
A) United States 157
B) Japan 162
C) What You See May Not Be What You Get 167
1) Judicial 'Independence' 171
2) Judicial Review 174
a) Pharmacy Location Case from Hiroshima 176
b) Patricide Case 178
c) The Forest Division Case 179
d) The Voting Rights Apportionment Cases 180
e) The Post Office Liability Case 184
f) The Overseas Voting Case 185
g) The Effect of a Finding of Unconstitutionality 187
h) Judicial Review - Restrictions 188
Chapter 7 The Legal Profession 193
A) United States 193
B) Japan 195
C) What You See May Not Be What You Get 199
Chapter 8 Article 9 - Renunciation of War - Military Power and Responsibility 211
A) United States 211
B) Japan 213
C) What You See May Not Be What You Get 217
1) Article 9 - Interpretation 218
2) Article 9 - Litigation 224
a) The Sunakawa case 225
b) The Naganuma case 226
c) The Hyakuri Air Base case 227
d) The Okinawa Mandamus Case 228
e) Recent Lower Court Cases 229
3) Political Challenges 230
4) Article 9 - Terrorism 231
5) Command and Control 233
6) Constitutional Transformation and Constitutional Amendment 235
Chapter 9 Treaties 241
A) United States 241
B) Japan 242
C) What You See May Not Be What You Get 242
Chapter 10 Corporate Matters 261
A) United States 261
B) Japan 264
C) What You See May Not Be What You Get 266
Chapter 11 Contracts 303
A) United States 303
B) Japan 307
C) What You See May Not Be What You Get 309
1) Contracts Take Account of Changing Circumstances 314
2) Contracts Dealing with Continuing Relationships May Have Special 'Good Faith' Obligations Attached 316
3) Consumer Contracts 320
4) Means of Enforcement Are Different 321
Chapter 12 Civil Litigation 325
A) United States 325
B) Japan 326
C) What You See May Not Be What You Get 328
1) Access to the Judicial System 338
2) Civil Procedure 340
a) United States 340
b) Japan 345
c) Remedy 357
d) Role of the Public 363
e) Alternative Dispute Resolution and Other Extra-Judicial Remedies 365
f) Judicial Reform 370
Chapter 13 Criminal Law 377
A) United States 377
B) Japan 382
C) What You See May Not Be What You Get 387
1) General Comment 387
2) Procedural Fairness vs. Substantive Justice 387
3) Objectives of the System - Punishment vs. Rehabilitation 387
4) Respect vs. Mistrust of Officialdom - 388
a) United States 389
b) Japan 392
Ⅰ) Substantive Criminal Law 392
Ⅱ) Procedural Law 395
Ⅲ) Police 396
Ⅳ) Prosecutor 406
Investigation Function 409
Quasi-Judicial Function 411
Ⅴ) Defense Counsel 418
Ⅵ) Judge and Trial 419
Ⅶ) Defendant 428
c) Constitutional Guarantees and Protections Afforded the Criminal Suspect and Accused 429
Confession 429
Right to Counsel 431
'No Person Shall Be Compelled to Testify against Himself 437
Immunity from Prosecution 439
Bail 440
Speedy Trial 441
Double Jeopardy Prohibited 442
d) Reform Proposals and Action Taken on Proposals 444
Chapter 14 Administrative Law 455
A) United States 455
B) Japan 461
C) What You See May Not Be What You Get 463
1) Kokoku Suits to Review Administrative Action 463
a) Standing 464
b) Disposition or Shobun 470
c) Judicial Restraint - Substitutes for Administrative Review 474
d) Judicial Reform 475
2) Administrative Guidance 475
3) Administrative Procedure 490
4) Other Administrative Matters 492
Chapter 15 Unifying Factors 497
A) Harmony and a Balancing of Societal Interests vs. Individual Rights 501
B) The Common Sense of Society vs. Strict Interpretation - the Consensus of the Community 506
C) Group vs. Personal Interests 515
D) Substantive Justice 517
Chapter 16 Conclusion 519
Index 523
Table of Japanese Cases 537
Table of United States Cases 547