Introduction 1
Part Ⅰ Background 9
1 Innovation Incentives 9
2 International IP Cooperation and Developing Country Perspectives 29
3 Biotech Inventions and Patentable Subject Matter 59
Part Ⅱ The TRIPS Agreement 105
4 Uruguay Round Negotiations and the Adoption of TRIPS 105
5 The TRIPS Agreement de Lege Lata: the Outline 148
6 Various Methods of Interpretation: WTO Agreements and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 190
7 TRIPS Provisions as Interpreted by the WTO Dispute Settlement Organs 209
Part Ⅲ Access to Medicines 261
8 The AIDS Epidemic and TRIPS 261
9 Doha Declaration and Beyond 304
Part Ⅳ IP and Industrial Policies 345
10 Emerging Economies' IP and Industrial Policies 345
11 Pharmaceutical Industries, R&D and Public Health in Emerging Economies 388
Part Ⅴ TRIPS Flexibilities and National Implementation 419
12 TRIPS Flexibilities and National Implementation (1) Patentable Subject Matter and Patentability Requirements 419
13 TRIPS Flexibilities and National Implementation (2) Protection of Test Data Submitted to Regulatory Authorities 469
14 'TRIPS Plus' Provisions in US Free Trade Agreements 480
Part Ⅵ Interpreting TRIPS for Innovation 513
15 Recasting the Debate on Intellectual Property Rights 513
Index 521