1 Sketch of the Evolution of the Idea for a World Organisation 1
1 Idea of a World Organisation before the Twentieth Century 1
2 Examples of Drafts 2
3 Modern World Organisations 3
2 From the League of Nations to the United Nations 5
4 Historical Importance of the League of Nations 5
5 Genetic Code of the League of Nations： The Transformation of War 5
6 Fundamental Pillars of the Covenant of the League of Nations 7
7 Provisions of the Covenant 10
8 Similarities between the League of Nations and the United Nations 10
9 Differences between the League of Nations and the United Nations 11
10 Mechanisms in the Decline of the League of Nations 13
11 Reasons for the Failure of the League of Nations 15
12 Outcome 19
3 The Establishment of the United Nations Organisation 20
13 Dumbarton Oaks / Yalta 20
14 San Francisco 21
4 Phases in the History of the United Nations 22
15 The Four Historical Phases of the United Nations 22
5 General Layout of the Charter 26
16 Structure of the Charter 26
6 Ideological Manifesto of the Charter： Peace， Cooperation， Rights of the Human Person 28
17 General Outline 28
18 ‘Negative’ Peace and ‘Positive’ Peace 29
19 Problem of Inadequate Means 32
20 Political Ideology of the United Nations 33
7 Fundamental Principles of the Charter 34
21 Article 2 of the Charter 34
22 Evolution from ‘Classical’ International Law to ‘Modern’ International Law 35
A.Article 2 1： Sovereign Equality 37
23 Contribution of Resolution 2625 37
24 Content of the Principle 38
25 Equality in Law and Equality in Fact 38
26 Equality as a Principle of Structure and Content 39
27 Sovereignty Encased in Equality 40
B.Article 2 2： Fulfilment of Obligations in Good Faith 40
28 Aim of the Provision 40
29 Internal and External Scope of the Obligation to Fulfil Obligations 41
30 Limits of the Requirement to Respect Commitments 41
31 Meaning of the Epithet ‘in Good Faith’ 42
32 Concrete Roles of the Rule contained in 2 43
C.Article 2 3： Peaceful Settlement of Disputes 44
33 Link between Settlement of Disputes and the Non-use of Force 44
34 Autonomy of the Settlement of Disputes in Relation to the Non-use of Force 44
35 Contribution of Resolution 2625 46
36 Types of Dispute Envisaged in the Charter 46
37 Requirement to Look for a Solution to a Dispute？ 48
D.From Article 2 3， to Chapter Ⅵ of the Charter： UN Contribution to the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes 50
38 General Aspects of Chapter Ⅵ 50
39 Scope of Application 50
40 Referral of a Situation or Dispute 53
41 Action 55
42 Outcome 61
E.Article 2 4： Prohibition of the Use of Force 62
43 General Aspects 62
44 Prohibition of Force and its Exceptions 63
45 Developments of Article 2 4 contained in Resolution 2625 65
46 Analysis of Article 2 4 66
47 Self-defence 72
48 Main Condition for the Exercise of Legitimate Self-defence： （Prior）Armed Attack 73
49 Level of Intensity of the Armed Attack under Article 51 76
F. From Article 2 4， to Chapter Ⅶ： The Maintenance of Peace through Collective Security 77
50 General Aspects 77
51 General Layout of Chapter Ⅶ 79
52 Dominating Idea of a Strong Executive 79
53 Article 39： The Keystone to the System 80
54 Articles 41 and 42： Considerable Powers of the Council 82
55 Article 41 82
56 Article 42 85
57 Sanctions Committees 87
58 Residual Powers of the General Assembly： Resolution 377 （V） of 1950， ‘Dean Acheson’ 88
59 Operations for the Maintenance of Peace 91
60 Outcome 94
G.Article 2 7： Exclusive Domestic Jurisdiction and Non-intervention in Internal Affairs 96
61 General Aspects 96
H.Duty of State Cooperation 99
62 Contribution of Resolution 2625 99
63 Scope of the Obligation 100
I.Right of Self-determination of Peoples 100
64 General Aspects 100
65 Content of Resolution 2625 101
66 ‘People’ 102
67 Limits to the Right to Self-determination 104
68 Exercises of the Right to Self-determination 104
8 Membership of the United Nations （Chapter Ⅱ， Articles 3—6） 106
69 Membership of States only 106
70 Founding Members and Subsequently Admitted Members 107
71 From Discrimination to Universality 108
72 Admission Procedure 110
73 Specific Issues 110
74 Expulsion from the United Nations 111
75 Withdrawal from the United Nations 113
9 Organs of the United Nations： Functions and Powers 115
76 General Theory on the Powers of Organs of an International Organisation 115
77 Outline of the Principal Organs of the United Nations 120
A.General Assembly 120
78 General Aspects 120
79 Functions and Powers 121
80 Voting 126
81 Sessions 127
82 Subsidiary Organs 127
83 Human Rights Council 129
B.Security Council 133
84 General Aspects 133
85 Composition 134
86 Voting 135
87 Council Measures 138
88 Question of Security Council Reform 139
C.Economic and Social Council 142
89 Importance of ‘Functional Cooperation’ 142
90 Functions， Composition， Sessions， etc 143
D.Trusteeship Council 144
91 Functions and Powers 144
E.International Court of Justice 146
92 General Aspects 146
93 Functions and Jurisdiction 146
94 Execution of Judgments 148
95 Activity of the Court 149
96 Proposals for Reform 150
F.Secretariat 150
97 General Aspects 150
98 Secretary-General 151
99 Independence of United Nations Personnel 152
G.Subsidiary Organs 154
100 General Aspects 154
101 Importance in Practice 154
102 Peacebuilding Commission 156
10 United Nations ‘Family’： Specialised Affiliated Organisations 157
103 General Aspects 157
104 Affiliation Mechanism 158
105 Effects of Affiliation 159
106 Panorama of Affliated Organisations 160
11 Article 103 of the Charter 161
107 General Aspects 161
108 Obligations Envisaged 161
109 Scope Ratione Personae 164
110 Legal Effect 165
12 Amendment and Revision of the Charter 167
111 General Aspects 167
112 Ordinary Amendments under Article 108 168
113 Extraordinary Amendments under Article 109 169
114 Informal Modifications 170
13 Effectiveness of the United Nations 172
115 How effective is the United Nations？ 172
Has the United Nations Failed？ 172
14 United Nations， the Forum and the Oracle 175
Annex 177
Covenant of the League of Nations 177
Charter of the United Nations 186
Select Bibliography 211
Index 241