Introduction 1
Sovereignty and Interdependence 1
The Relevance of Nationality 4
Chapter 1: Immigration and Nationality Law 9
The Development of Nationality 10
British Nationality Law 25
United States Nationality Law 29
Soviet Nationality Law 32
French Nationality Law 34
Nationality Law in the People's Republic of China 37
Nationality in General International Law 39
Nationality in the Current International Relations of Commonwealth Countries 43
The Regulation of Nationality by Multilateral Treaties 45
Bibliography 59
Chapter 2: Historical Perspectives 61
The Origins of Exclusionary Power 62
Opinions of the Classical Writers 63
The Beginnings of Permanent Immigration Control 64
The Decline of the Principle of Free Movement 66
Judicial Decisions at the Turn of the Century 70
International Law Opinions at the Turn of the Century 72
Restrictive Legislation Early in the Present Century 74
The First World War 75
The Depression 79
The Second World War 80
Recent Trends 83
Bibliography 93
Chapter 3: The Right to Leave Any Country Including One's Own 95
Successive Studies 97
The Law of the United States of America 102
The Law of the United Kingdom 103
The Law of the Soviet Union 107
The Law of the Netherlands 111
The Law of Japan 112
The Laws of the Two Germanies 113
The Laws of Chad and Burkina Faso 116
The Law of India 117
Conclusion 119
Bibliography 130
Chapter 4: The Right to Return to One's Country 133
The Quality of the Obligation 133
Migration between Metropolitan and Dependent Territories 138
The International Efficacy of Denaturalization 144
Proof of Nationality 149
Bibliography 156
Chapter 5: Exceptional Duties to Admit Aliens 159
Acquired Rights 159
Diplomats and Consuls 163
Representatives of and to International Organizations 171
Armed Forces 176
Victims of Force Majeure 181
Bibliography 191
Chapter 6: Freedom of Movement in the European Communities 193
The Term 'Worker' 194
The Term 'National' 197
Dependents 201
The Right to Enter and Reside in a Member State 202
Discrimination 203
Public Policy, Public Security and Public Health 206
Public Service and Official Authority 209
Social Security and Free Movement 211
Recent Proposals 213
Conclusion 214
Bibliography 223
Chapter 7: Council of Europe Conventions 227
The European Convention on Human Rights 227
The European Convention on Establishment 236
The European Convention on Extradition 240
The European Social Charter 243
The European Convention on Social Security 248
The European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers 251
European Instruments Governing the Status of Refugees 256
Bibliography 271
Chapter 8: Other Regional Arrangements 273
The Benelux System 273
The West African Communities 276
The Central African Community 280
The Caribbean Community 281
The Andean Pact 283
The Nordic Community 288
Bibliography 292
Chapter 9: Migration for Employment 295
The International Labour Organization 295
The Migration for Employment Convention (Revised) 1949 298
The Migration for Employment Recommendation (Revised) 1949 300
The Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention 1975 302
The Recommendation Concerning Migrant Workers 1975 305
Other I.L.O. Instruments 306
Other International Instruments 308
The United Kingdom's Practice 312
West German Practice 314
French Practice 316
The Netherlands 318
Canadian Practice 319
Australian Practice 319
United States Practice 320
Practice in Some African States 322
Conclusion 324
Bibliography 333
Chapter 10: Temporary Migration 335
Temporary Migration for Lucrative Purposes 336
Migrant Labour in South Africa 339
Tongan Contract Labour in New Zealand 342
Students and Student Employees 343
Tourism 344
Passengers in Transit 345
Domestic Law in the United States 345
Domestic Law in the Soviet Union 348
Domestic Law in the United Kingdom 350
The Commonwealth 351
The Practice of Japan 354
Conclusion 355
Bibliography 363
Chapter 11: Family Reunification 365
The Families of Nationals 367
The Families of Migrant Workers 369
The Families of Refugees 372
The Definition of the Family 374
The Marriage of Convenience 380
The Polygamous Wife 382
The Severance of Family Ties 384
Bibliography 392
Chapter 12: Refugees 393
Changing Attitudes among the Writers 394
International Conventions and Similar Instruments 396
The Practice of International Organizations 399
Diplomatic Practice and Comments 402
Domestic Constitutions 404
Domestic Immigration Legislation 408
Domestic Judicial Proceedings 411
The Definition of Refugee 415
(a) Well-Founded Fear 416
(b) Persecution 417
(c) Race 419
(d) Religion 420
(e) Nationality 421
(f) Social Groups 421
(g) Political Opinion 423
The Country of First Asylum 424
Non-Refoulement in Theory 425
Non-Refoulement: Conventions and Declarations 428
Non-Refoulement: Diplomatic Practice and Comment 429
Non-Refoulement: Domestic Law 431
Refugee Status 433
Loss of Refugee Status 438
Bibliography 457
Chapter 13: The Expulsion of Aliens 459
The Justification for Expulsion of Individuals 460
National Legislation 462
The Frontier of Expulsion 468
Harsh Treatment 469
Procedural Guarantees 471
Collective Expulsion 473
Bibliography 486
Table of Cases 487
Table of Statutes 519
Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments 557
Index 583