CHAPTER Ⅰ THE EYELIDS 17
Function of the Lids 17
The Cilia 17
The Eyebrows 18
The Palpebral Fissures 19
The Normal Lid Movements 20
The Lids in Sleep 26
The Centers and Pathways for Lid Movements 26
Associated Lid Movements 27
CHAPTER Ⅱ THE LACRIMAL APPARATUS 29
The Secretion of the Tears 29
The Elimination of the Tears 33
The Composition of the Tears 35
CHAPTER Ⅲ THE CORNEA 39
The Anatomy and Physical Properties of the Cornea 39
The Chemical Characteristics of the Cornea 41
Metabolism of the Cornea 43
The Permeability of the Cornea 49
Corneal Turgescenee 58
Corneal Transparency 61
The Corneal Sensibilities 63
Healing of Corneal Wounds 76
Corneal Vascularization 79
CHAPTER Ⅳ THE AQUEOUS HUMOR 84
The Chemical and Physical Properties of Normal Aqueous Humor 84
Plasmoid Aqueous 95
Changes in the Composition of Aqueous Humor With Experimental Alterations in the Constitution of the Blood 97
The Formation of Aqueous Humor 100
The Elimination of Aqueous Humor From the Eye 116
CHAPTER Ⅴ THE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE 120
The Normal Pressure 120
Alterations in Intraocular Pressure Caused by Variations in the Fluid Contents of the Eye 125
Physiological Principles Underlying Operations for Glaucoma 140
Tonometry 141
CHAPTER Ⅵ IRIS AND PUPIL 143
The Iris Pigment 143
The Iris Muscles 144
The Normal Pupil 155
Pupillary Reflexes 158
The Reactions of the Pupil in Lesions of Various Parts of the Reflex Arc 173
Pupillary Phenomena Associated With or Following Third Nerve Paralysis 180
The Pharmaco-dynamics of the Sphincter and Dilator Muscles 181
CHAPTER Ⅶ LENS AND VITREOUS 196
The Structure of the Lens 196
The Chemistry of the Normal Lens 198
The Metabolism of the Lens 210
The Permeability of the Lens Capsule 213
The Pathologic Physiology of the Lens—Cataract 214
The Vitreous 219
CHAPTER Ⅷ ACCOMMODATION 228
The Necessity of Changing the Dioptric Power of the Eye 228
The Anatomy of the Parts of the Eye Concerned With Accommodation 230
The Innervation of the Ciliary Muscle 238
Changes in the Eye During Accommodation 241
Theories of the Mechanism of Accommodation 244
Presbyopia 252
CHAPTER Ⅸ THE OCULAR CIRCULATION 256
General Characteristics of Ocular Circulation 256
The Arterial Pulse 258
The Venous Pulse 262
The Normal Pressure in the Retinal and Uveal Arteries and Veins 263
The Capillary Pressure 265
Blood Volume and Circulation Time 266
The Control of the Circulation 267
Capillary Permeability 274
Lymph 277
Functions of the Capillary Bed 278
Circulation in Localized Regions 278
The Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Essential Hypertension and Its Effectiveness on the Ocular Circulation 288
CHAPTER Ⅹ OCULAR MOTILITY 297
The Articulation of the Eyeball in the Socket 297
The Gross Anatomy and Action of Each of the Ocular Muscles 303
The Mechanics of the Movement of Each Eye 308
The Muscles Concerned in Monocular Movements 315
The Characteristics of the Ocular Muscles 320
The Nervous Centers and Pathways for Voluntary Movements 351
The Nervous Centers and Pathways for Reflex Activity of the Eye Muscles 373
The Nuclei of the Ocular Motor Nerves 392
Position of Rest and the Normal Tonus of the Eyes—Orthophoria and Heterophoria 398
Binocular Movements 406
The Pathologic Physiology of Strabismus 414
Physiologic Principles to be Considered in the Choice of Operations for Strabismus 426
The Choice of Surgical Procedures in Comitant Convergent Squint 426
The Choice of Surgical Procedures in Incomitant Convergent Squint 428
Procedures in Paralysis of a Lateral Rectus 430
The Choice of Procedures in Paralysis of One or More of the Vertically Acting Muscles 432
CHAPTER Ⅺ LIGHT 443
The Nature and Origin of Light 443
Physical Measurements of Light 448
Lighting Standards 450
The Transmission of Light by the Ocular Media 451
CHAPTER Ⅻ METABOLISM OF THE RETINA 454
Anaerobic and Aerobic Glycolysis 454
Production of Ammonia 455
Acetylcholine and Organic Phosphate 455
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration 457
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ PAGE THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF VISION 459
The Absorption of Light 459
Visual Purple or Rhodopsin 461
Iodopsin 475
Other Substances in the Retina 477
The Nature of the Photoreceptor Process 477
Pathological Conditions in Which the Visual Purple Mechanism is Affected 484
Photomechanical Changes in the Retina 485
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA IN THE EYE 487
Electrical Phenomena in Nerves 487
Action Potentials From the Optic Nerve of Invertebrates 494
Action Potentials in Vertebrate Optic Nerves 507
The Electroretinogram 515
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ THE OPTIC NERVE 528
Comparison of Optic Nerve With True Sensory Nerves 528
Functions of the Optic Nerve 531
Degeneration of Fibers 534
The Production of Cupping in the Optic Nerve 536
The Production of Choked Disc,or Papilledema 536
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ VISUAL PATHWAYS 538
The Retina 540
The Optic Nerve 555
The Chiasm 556
Optic Tract 561
Lateral Geniculate Body 562
The Optic Radiation 563
The Visual Cortex 564
The Conscious Level of Vision 574
CHAPTER ⅩⅦ ADAPTATION 581
Temporal Induction 581
Spatial Summation 601
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ SENSORY RESPONSE 605
The Sensory Response to a Single Stimulus 605
Intermittent Stimuli 611
CHAPTER ⅩⅨ VISUAL ACUITY 624
Clinical Measurements of Visual Acuity 624
The Light Sense 626
Visibility of a Single Line on a Background 628
Visibility of Gratings 632
The Discrimination of a Break in a Line 636
Factors Influencing Visual Acuity 640
CHAPTER ⅩⅩ COLOR VISION 665
The Physical Basis of Color 665
The Effect of Lowering the Illumination on the Spectral Luminosity Curve．The Purkinje Phenomenon 670
Color Mixtures 671
Physiological Basis of Color Vision 673
Color Blindness 680
CHAPTER ⅩⅪ ENTOPTIC AND ALLIED PHENOMENA 682
Opacities in the Ocular Media 682
Entoptic Phenomena Connected With the Tear Film and the Cornea 684
Entoptic Phenomena Connected With the Lens 685
The Retinal Blood Vessels 685
The Capillary Circulation 686
Choriocapillary Circulation 688
The Blue Arcs of the Retina 689
Self-Illumination of the Retina—Phosphenes 690
Physiological and Pathological Haloes 690
CHAPTER ⅩⅫ BINOCULAR VISION 692
Definition 692
The Binocular Field of Vision 694
Retinal Correspondence 696
Diplopia 701
Fusion 704
Depth Perception 706
The Development of Binocular Vision 714
COLOR PLATES 112
Fig．25．—Kinsey＇s scheme showing the dynamics of the formation of aqueous humor as found in the anterior chamber 112
Fig．45．—Diagrammatic representation of the pupillo-motor pathways 174
Fig．305．—The photopic spectrum 666