1. Theory and Criminology 3
2. Classical Criminology 18
3. The Positive School 36
4. Theories Related to Physical Characteristics 47
5. Theories Related to Intelligence 67
6. Biological Factors and Criminal Behavior 84
7. The Personality of the Offender 108
8. Crime, Poverty, and Economic Inequality 130
9. Durkheim, Anomie, and Modernization 143
10. The Ecology of Crime 160
11. Strain Theories 185
12. Criminal Behavior as Normal Learned Behavior 205
13. Social Control Theories 232
14. Deviance and Social Reaction 249
15. Conflict Criminology 269
16. Marxist Criminology 299
17. Criminology Theory and Specific Types of Crime 317
18. Theory, Research, and Policy 340
19. Assessing Criminology Theories 358
Index 365