1 Introduction 1
1.1 Three Stages of Decision Making 4
2 Original Theories and Current Studies 9
2.1 Legislative Decision Making 10
2.2 Constitutional Decision Making 14
2.3 Representative Democracy 16
2.4 Vote Trading and Other Themes 17
2.5 Conclusion 18
3 Clarifying Concepts 21
3.1 Definitions 21
3.2 Pareto Preference 24
3.3 Pareto Optimality 25
3.4 Unanimity Rule and the Pareto Principles 27
3.5 ParetoIndeterminance 28
3.5.1 Implications 30
3.6 Conclusion 31
4 Constitutional Decision Making 33
4.1 Introduction 33
4.1.1 Notation 35
4.2 Pareto Principles in a Spatial Context 36
4.2.1 The Spatial Voting Literature 38
4.3 Pareto Preference 40
4.3.1 Random Proposals 40
4.3.2 Strategic Proposals 42
4.4 Pareto Optimality 42
4.4.1 Random Proposals 43
4.4.2 Sincere Proposals 46
4.4.3 Strategic Proposals 46
4.5 Pareto Preferred and Pareto Optimal 48
4.5.1 Random Proposals 48
4.5.2 Sincere Proposals 49
4.5.3 Strategic Proposals 50
4.6 Experimental Evidence 50
4.7 Implications 53
5 Legislative Decision Making 57
5.1 Introduction 57
5.2 Related Literature 58
5.3 One Vote, Two Alternatives 60
5.4 A Series of Votes, Multiple Alternatives 64
5.4.1 Decision Costs 65
5.4.2 External Costs 66
5.5 Results 67
5.6 Conclusion 71
6 Electoral Decision Making 73
6.1 Introduction 73
6.2 Probabilistic Comparisons 75
6.2.1 Voting Rules 76
6.2.2 Voting Criteria 77
6.3 Simulations 80
6.3.1 Assumptions 81
6.4 Results 84
6.4.1 Condorcet Winner 84
6.4.2 CondorcetLoser 88
6.4.3 Majority Criterion 89
6.4.4 Consistency 91
6.4.5 Reversal Symmetry 92
6.4.6 Independence of Eliminated Alternatives （IEA） 93
6.5 Conclusion 94
7 Conclusion 97
7.1 New Themes 98
7.2 Pareto Principles as Tools for Judgement 101
7.3 Broader Implications 104
References 107
Index 115