第一部分 普通基础课程阅读文选 1
一、高等数学ADVANCED MATHEMATICS 1
1．What are the chances? 1
2．What is mathematics? 3
3．The beginning and uses of mathematics 5
二、医用物理学MEDICAL PHYSICS 9
1．Nuclear energy 9
2．Lasers 10
3．The electron microscope 12
4．Radioactivity 13
5．Suerconductivity 15
6．Electromagnetic radiation 17
三、基础化学BASIC CHEMISTRY 20
1．Buffer solutions and blood buffers 20
2．Valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory 23
3．Atomic absorption spectrometry 26
4．pH,tooth decay and dental filling discomfort 29
5．Electrochemical systems 32
6．Energy and energy changes in chemical reactions 35
7．Classification of matter 38
四、有机化学ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 41
1．Dehydration of alcohols-convertion of alcohols into alkenes 41
2．Optical activity 43
3．Optical activities of enantiomers 45
4．Directing effects substituents 47
1．The computers 50
五、计算机基础BASIS OF COMPUTER 50
2．The first-generation computers 51
3．The operating system 52
4．Hardware 52
5．The processor 53
6．The processor components 54
7．The main memory 55
8．The binary number system 56
9．Keyboards and display screens 57
10．Fortran basic 58
11．Complilers 58
12．What is dos? 59
13．The machine languages 60
14．Internal commands 61
15．External commands 61
16．How to create batch files? 62
17．What is a configuration file? 63
18．Data management 64
19．Database management 65
20．What is relational data bases? 65
六、医用统计学MEDICAL STATISTICS 67
1．Types of statistical errors 67
2．Data checking 68
3．Cross tabulation table 69
4．Chi-square test of independence 70
5．Why is the significance criterion typically set at 0．05 71
6．Two possible t-test 72
7．Post hoc testing of means 73
第二部分 医学基础课程阅读文选 75
一、人体解剖学HUMAN ANATOMY 75
1．Introduction 75
2．Body cavities 78
3．Fetal circulation 81
4．The spinal cord 85
5．Naming skeletal muscles 88
6．Scalp 93
二、组织胚胎学HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 97
1．The organ systems 97
2．The skin—the largest single organ in the body 100
3．The red body fluid vital to life—the blood 102
4．General structure of the digestive tract 106
5．The liver lobule 108
6．The liver and its disease 111
7．Location and structure of the kidney 114
8．Heart 117
三、生理学PHYSIOLOGY 120
1．Volume of respiratory air 120
2．Body heat and temperature regulation 122
3．Control of gastric secretion 124
4．The brain 126
5．How the kidneys produce urine 129
6．Fluid environment of the cell and transport through the cell membrane 131
7．Red blood cells and white blood cells 134
8．Conduction system of the heart 137
9．Hormones 139
四、生物化学BIOCHEMISTRY 141
1．The aim of biochemistry is to describe and explain,in molecular terms,all chemical processes of living cells 141
2．Biomedical importance 143
3．Coenzymes may be regarded as second substrates 144
4．The ability to separate identify isozymes is of diagnostic value 146
5．Elucidation of the biochemical bases of health and disease generally leads to rational treatment 150
1．Nucleus as a control center（1） 154
五、细胞生物学CYTOBIOLOGY 154
2．Nucleus as a control center（2） 155
3．Nucleus as a control center（3） 157
4．Cell replacement（1） 158
5．Cell replacement（2） 160
6．Cell replacement（3） 162
7．Cell replacement（4） 163
1．The early development of genetics 166
六、医学遗传学MEDICIAL GENETICS 166
2．The genetic mutation 169
3．Tumor suppressor genes 173
4．In what sense are genes acted on by selection? 175
七、医学免疫学MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY 179
1．Immunity 179
2．Inborn immunity 180
3．Acquired immunity 182
4．Vaccines 184
5．Allergy 188
6．Rejection syndrome 190
八、医学微生物学MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 192
1．Disease-causing organisms 192
2．Laboratory identification of pathogens 197
3．Battles against disease-causing organisms 200
4．Viruses 204
1．Life cycle of malarial parasite 210
九、人体寄生虫学HUMAN PARASITOLOGY 210
2．Planning to develop molecular techniques for the epidemiological investigation on giardiasis in arizona 211
3．The hookworms 213
4．Nematoda 216
5．Mosquito 217
6．Detection of malaria parasites in mosquitoes 219
十、病理生理学PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 222
1．Causes of disease 222
2．Adult respiratory distress syndrome 225
3．Cardiac failure 228
4．Fever 230
5．Stress 232
6．Shock 236
十一、病理解剖学PATHOANATOMY 240
1．Inflammation 240
2．Necrosis 242
3．Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis（AS） 244
4．Thrombosis 249
1．The development of receptor theory 253
十二、药理学PHARMACOLOGY 253
2．β—adrenergic agonists 256
3．Aspirin—a new miracle drug 259
4．Isoptin SR 240mg 261
5．Corticosteroids 264
6．Azactam for injection 267
1．The presenting complaint 273
（一）物理诊断PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS 273
一、诊断学DIAGNOSTICS 273
第三部分 临床专业课程阅读文选 273
2．History-taking（1） 275
3．History-taking（2） 276
4．Physical examination 278
5．Differential diagnosis 280
6．Investigation 283
7．Characteristic of heart sound 285
8．Abdominal paracentesis 288
9．Value of mental examination 291
10．Cranial nerve VII（facial nerve） 294
11．Breath sound-abnormal 296
（二）实验诊断LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 299
1．A laboratorian s perspective on evaluation and implementation of new laboratory tests 299
2．Flagging systems for hematology analyzers 302
3．Troponin I is released in bloodstream of patients with acute myocardial infarction not in free form but as complex 305
1．Hodgkin s disease 308
（三）放射诊断RADIOLOGIC DLAGNOSIS 308
2．Esophageal tumors 310
3．Differentiation of Crohn s disease of the colon and ulcerative colitis 312
4．Pneumatosis coli 313
5．Bronchial adenomas 315
二、内科学INTERNAL MEDICINE 318
1．Arteriosclerosis 318
2．Heart failure 323
3．Myocardial infarction 326
4．Chronic bronchitis and emphysema 329
5．Asthma 334
6．Management of chronic renal failure 339
7．Summary overview of human gene therapy trials in the USA 344
8．Filgrastim in therapy of MDS and AA 346
9．H．Pylori and ulcers 348
10．Pathologic reflexes 352
11．Reflex 354
12．Basic principles in neurologic disease 358
13．Dangerous headaches 361
三、外科学SURGERY 367
1．Diagnosis of surgical infections 367
2．Intravenous anaesthesia 369
3．Delayed diagnosis of femoral neck fracture 371
4．Fat embolism and surgery 374
5．Femoral head necrosis after intertrochanteric fracture:a case report after synthesis with ender nails 376
6．Prostate cancer 379
7．Peptic ulcer-duodenum 382
8．Resection of large liver tumours:lessons from transplantation surgery 389
9．Carcinoma of the colon,rectum,and anus 392
10．Cholangitis 395
11．Esophageal webs and rings 399
12．Examination of the breasts 402
13．Operative and perioperative management of chronic subdural hematomas 406
1．Ectopic pregnancy 408
四、妇产科GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS 408
2．Obstetric hemorrhage 411
3．The complex clinical presentation of preeclampsia 414
4．Altematives to hysterectomy——a case study 416
5．Trichomonas vaginitis 419
6．Treatment of endometriosis 422
五、儿科学PEDIATRICS 427
1．The treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome 427
2．Adrenocortical function in asthmatic children 430
3．A retrospective epidemiological study of bacterial meningitis in an urban area in Belgium 433
4．Resolution of protein-losing hypertrophic gastropathy by eradication of helicobacter pylori 436
5．Congestive cardiac faiure 438
6．Bacterial pneumonia 444
六、眼科学OPHTHALMOLOGY 448
1．Cornea and keratitis 448
2．Lens and cataract 452
3．Glaucoma 456
1．Metastatic malignant mesothelioma to the tonsil 460
七、耳鼻咽喉科学OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY 460
2．Parapharyngeal abscess: a rare complication of elective tonsillectomy 463
3．Definition and classification of acute and chronic sinusitis 467
八、口腔科学STOMATOLOGY 470
1．Caries vaccine 470
2．Current prosthodontic perspectives of implant dentistry:focuing on age guidelines 473
九、皮肤病学 477
1．Urticaria 477
2．The superficial mycoses 478
3．Herpes zoster 480
十、传染病学INFECTIOUS DISEASES 483
1．Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome 483
2．Hepatitis B 487
3．Typhoid fever 490
4．Meningitis 492
5．Aquired immunodeficiency syndrome（AIDS） 495
6．Vibrio 498
十一、核医学NUCLEAR MEDICINE 503
1．Comparison of PET with conventional imaging techniques 503
2．Bone scanning in osteoporosis 505
十二、预防医学PROPHYLACTIC MEDICINE 509
1．Obesity 509
2．Body fat 510
3．Chemical carcinogens 512
4．The packaging of foodstuffs 513
5．Episode of toxic gas exposure in sewer workers 515
6．The adverse effects of fluorescent lights 516
十三、流行病学EPIDERMIOLOGY 518
Ethical and professional issues in the changing practice of epidemiology 518
第四部分 临床医学专业方向阅读文选 523
一、儿科医学专业方向SPECIALIZATION IN PEDIATRICS 523
1．ABO incompatibility 523
2．Anemia of iron deficiency 527
3．Systemic Iupus erythematosus（SLE） 531
4．Kawasaki syndrome（KS） 534
5．Upper respiratory tract infection（URI） 539
6．Childhood tuberculosis 544
7．Acute glomerulonephritis（AGN） 547
8．Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 551
9．Common seizure syndromes 555
10．Surgery 559
11．Shigellosis（bacillary dysentery） 575
12．Hepatitis A 580
13．Bacterial meningitis 584
14．Eczema 590
15．Growth monitoring 594
二、精神病学与精神卫生专业方向SPECIALIZATION IN PSYCHIATRY AND MENTAL HYGIENE 597
1．Acute schizophrenia 597
2．Effectiveness of neuroleptics 601
3．Tardive dyskinesia 604
4．Delirium tremens 608
5．Clozapine in the treatment of schizophrenia 611
6．Fluoxetine in the treatment of depression 614
7．Social skill training 617
三、康复医学专业方向SPECIALIZATION IN REHABILITATION MEDICINE 621
1．Rehabilitation and rehabilitation team 621
2．Stroke rehabilitation 624
3．Agraphia 627
四、医学检验专业方向SPECIALIZATION IN LABORATORY MEDCINE 630
1．Routine urinalysis 630
2．Blood culture 634
3．Maintenance and preservation of bacterial cultures lyophiliation 636
4．Escherichia coli 637
5．Agglutination 638
6．The oral glucose tolerance test（OGTT） 640
7．Acidosis and alkalosis 644
8．Laboratory abnormalities in DIC 648
9．Prothrombin time 649
10．Platelet count 651
11．Fibrin degradation products 652