《环渤海三角洲湿地的景观生态学研究》PDF下载

  • 购买积分:14 如何计算积分?
  • 作  者:肖笃宁等著
  • 出 版 社:北京:科学出版社
  • 出版年份:2001
  • ISBN:7030097025
  • 页数:417 页
图书介绍:本书全面论述了辽河三角洲和黄河三角洲湿地景观的基本特征,包括资源动态、形成演化、景观结构、生态过程以及开发利用方面的经验、建议与区域可持续发展,重点在于滨海湿地的生态功能与环境效应,对湿地生物多样性保护、湿地净化功能、湿地水文效应与湿地温室气体排放作了深入的阐述,在大量野外观测和实验数据的支持下,建立了景观尺度的过程模型。同时,本书还紧密联系区域开发的实践,高度重视人为活动对湿地的影响。针对生产中存在的突出矛盾,提出了解决的对策,体现了理论和实践的结合。本书可供有关大专院校、科研单位,国土、环境、资源开发、农业、水利、海岸带管理等有关部门的工作人员参考。

第一章 环渤海三角洲湿地类型和资源 1

Chapter1. Types and resources of deltaic wetlands around Bohai Sea 1

1.1 The distribution of wetlands 2

1.2.1 湿地分类研究与湿地分类的一般原则 2

1.2.1 The principles of wetland classification 2

1.2 湿地类型划分 2

1.1 湿地分布概况 2

1.2 Classification of wetlands 2

1.2.2 The scheme for wetland classification 3

1.2.2 研究区的湿地分类方案 3

1.3.1 三角洲湿地资源的重要地位 4

1.3.1 The importance of deltaic wetland resource 4

1.3 湿地资源及其评价 4

1.3 Wetland resource and assessment 4

1.3.2 The diversity of wetland resources 5

1.3.2 湿地资源现状与类型的多样性 5

1.3.3 湿地水文条件的差异 6

1.3.3 The difference of hydrological conditions 6

1.3.5 湿地动态消长特征的差异 7

1.3.4 The difference of wetland productivity 7

1.3.5 The difference of wetland area dynamics 7

1.3.4 湿地生产力的差异 7

1.3.6 The importance of wetlands in biodiversity conservation 8

1.3.6湿地在生物多样性保护中的地位 8

1.4 Wetland resource dynamics and the effect on wetland functions 9

1.4.1 Ecological functions of estuary wetland 9

1.4 湿地资源的动态变化及其对湿地生态功能的影响 9

1.4.1 河流三角洲湿地生态功能 9

1.4.2 The effect of wetland dynamics on wetland functions 10

1.4.2 湿地动态变化对湿地生态功能的影响 10

2.1.1 Natural factors affecting the formation and development of wetlands 13

2.1 湿地形成、发育的影响因素 13

2.1.1 湿地形成、发育的自然影响因素 13

Chapter2. The formation and development of deltaic wetlands around Bohai Sea 13

2.1 The factors affecting the formation and development of wetlands 13

第二章 环渤海三角洲湿地的形成、发育 13

2.1.2 Human factors affecting the formation and development of wetlands 15

2.1.2 湿地形成、发育的人为影响因素 15

2.2 The formation of wetlands 16

2.2.1 Concepts and prerequisites for water boby wetlandnization 16

2.2.1 水体湿地化的概念和必要条件 16

2.2 湿地的形成过程 16

2.2.2 Littoral wetlandnization 17

2.2.3 Shallow water wetlandnization within the deltas 17

2.2.3 三角洲内部浅水体(湖泊、水库和池塘)湿地化 17

2.2.2 滨海湿地化 17

2.2.5 陆地湿地化 19

2.2.5 Terrestrial wetlandnization 19

2.2.4 河流湿地化 19

2.2.4 Riparian wetlandnization 19

2.2.6 Regional difference of wetland formation 20

2.2.6 湿地形成模式的区域分异 20

2.3 The development of deltaic wetlands 21

2.3.1 The development of Liaobe River Delta 21

2.3.1 辽河三角洲湿地发育 21

2.3 湿地发育过程 21

2.3.2 黄河三角洲湿地发育 24

2.3.2 The development of Yellow River Delta 24

2.4.1 湿地长期保持富营养阶段的形成机制 31

2.4 湿地形成、发育的机制 31

2.4.1 The mechanism of long term maintenance of eutrophication in the wetlands 31

2.4 The mechanism of wetland development 31

2.4.2 The factors restricting the formation of wetlands 32

2.4.2 制约湿地发育过程模式的机制 32

2.4.3 The human factors affecting wetland devdlopment 34

2.4.3 影响湿地发育的人为因素 34

3.1.1 景观分异的原因 36

3.1 湿地景观类型的划分 36

第三章 三角洲湿地景观结构 36

Chapter3. Landscape structure of deltaic wetlands 36

3.1.1 Factors for landscape differentiation 36

3.1 Landscape classification 36

3.1.2 Systematic classification and indicators for deltaic wetland landscape 37

3.1.2 三角洲湿地景观的系统分类方法和指标 37

3.1.3 Landscape classification system for deltaic wetlands 38

3.1.3 三角洲湿地的景观分类系统 38

3.1.4 湿地的景观类型系统 41

3.1.4 Landscape classes of wetlands 41

3.2.1 景观结构的研究方法 44

3.2 景观格局分析 44

3.2.1 Methods for landscape structure analysis 44

3.2 Landscape pattem analysis 44

3.2.2 Landscape pattem indices 47

3.2.2 景观结局指数 47

3.2.3 Landscape pattem analysis for the Liaohe River Delta 49

3.2.3 辽河三角洲景观格局分析 49

3.2.4 黄河三角洲景观格局分析 52

3.2.4 Landscape pattem analysis for the Yellow River Delta 52

3.3 景观破碎化分析 54

3.3.1 景观破碎化指数 54

3.3 Landscape fragmentation analysis 54

3.3.1 Indices for landscape fragmentation 54

3.3.2 Fragmentation analysis 57

3.3.2 破碎化分析 57

3.4 Landscape corridor analysis 58

3.4.1 Classification of corridors 58

3.4 景观廊道分析 58

3.4.1 廊道类型划分 58

3.4.2 廊道的判定 59

3.4.2 Delineation of corridors 59

3.4.3 Corridor functions 60

3.4.4 Corridor systems 60

3.4.3 廊道的功能 60

3.4.4 廊道系统 60

3.4.5 Corridor structure analysis for the Liaobe River Delta 61

3.4.5 辽河三角洲景观廊道结构分析 61

3.4.6 Corridor function analysis for the landscape of Liaohe River Delta 63

3.4.6 辽河三角洲景观廊道功能分析 63

3.5 景观尺度变换分析——以黄河三角洲为例 64

3.5 Scale analysis 64

3.5.1 尺度对斑块的影响 65

3.5.1 The effect of scale on patches 65

3.5.2 尺度对景观面积的影响 68

3.5.2 The effect of scale on landscape area 68

3.5.3 The effect of scale on landscape diversity 69

3.5.3 尺度对景观多样性的影响 69

3.5.4 最佳尺度的选择 70

3.5.4 The optimal scale selection 70

3.6.1 辽河三角洲湿地的景观变化 72

3.6 景观变化分析 72

3.6.1 Landscape change in the Liaohe River Delta 72

3.6 Landscape change analysis 72

3.6.2 黄河三角洲湿地的景观变化 73

3.6.2 Landscape change in the Yellow River Delta 73

4.1.1 Species diversity 77

4.1 Biodiversity in the deltaic wetlands around Bohai Sea 77

Chapter4. Wetland biodiversity and waterfowl habitats 77

4.1.1 物种多样性 77

4.1 三角洲湿地的生物多样性概况 77

第四章 湿地的生物多样性及水禽生境 77

4.1.2 Landscape diversity 78

4.1.2 景观多样性 78

4.2.1 Types of wetland vegetation community 80

4.2.1 湿地植物群落类型 80

4.2 湿地植物群落 80

4.2 Wetland vegetation community 80

4.2.2 Habitats in vegetation community 82

4.2.2 植物群落生境 82

4.2.3 植物群落演替 83

4.2.3 Succession of vegetation community 83

4.3 Bird species 84

4.3.1 The family and genus composition of bird species 84

4.3.1鸟类物种的科属组成 84

4.3 鸟类物种 84

4.3.2 The geographical composition of bird species 85

4.3.3 Waterfowl species in the deltas 85

4.3.3三角洲水禽的种类组成 85

4.3.2 鸟类物种的地理成分 85

4.4 Habitat classification for wild animals 86

4.4.1 Habitat and habitat factors 86

4.4.1 生境与生境因子 86

4.4野生动物的生境分类 86

4.4.2 Hierarchical classification of habitat factors for wild animals 88

4.4.2 野生动物生境因子的分级分类 88

4.4.3 辽河三角洲湿地水禽的生境类型 92

4.4.3 Habitat types for waterfowls in the Liaohe River Delta 92

4.5.1 Habitat for red-crowned crane(Grus japonensis) 95

4.5 Habitats for main waterfowl species in the Liaohe River Delta 95

4.5.1 丹项鹤的生境研究 95

4.5 辽河三角洲主要水禽的生境 95

4.5.2 Habitat for black-billed gull(Larus saundersii) 99

4.5.2 黑嘴鸥的生境研究 99

4.5.3 Habitat for white crane(Grus leucogeranus) 101

4.5.3 白鹤的生境研究 101

4.5.4 白鹳的生境研究 103

4.5.4 Habitat for white stork(Ciconia boyciana) 103

4.5.5 雁鸭类的生境研究 104

4.5.5 Habitat for wild goose and anation species 104

4.5.6 Habitat for plover and snipe species 105

4.5.6 鴴鹬类的生境研究 105

4.6 Fragmentation of habitats for waterfowl species 106

4.6 辽河三角洲水禽生境的破碎化 106

4.6.1 Habitat fragmentation of red-crowned crane 107

4.6.1 丹顶鹤生境的破碎化 107

4.6.2 黑嘴鸥生境的破碎化 109

4.6.2 Habitat fragmentation of black-billed gull 109

4.6.3 白鹤迁徙停歇地生境的破碎化 110

4.6.3 Migration habitat fragmentation of white crane 110

4.6.4 白鹳迁徙停歇地生境的破碎化 111

4.6.4 Migration habitat fragmentation of white stork 111

4.6.5 雁鸭类生境的破碎化 112

4.6.5 Habitat fragmentation of wild goose and anatine species 112

4.6.6 鴴鹬类生境的破碎化 113

4.6.6 Habitat fragmentation of plover and snipe species 113

4.7 辽河三角洲湿地水禽生境的调整与管理 114

4.7 Habitat adjustment and management for waterfowl species in the wetland of Liaohe River Delta 114

4.7.1 Partition of function areas 114

4.7.1 功能区划分 114

4.7.2 Adjustment of habitat types 116

4.7.2 生境类型调整 116

5.1 Hydrological circulation of natural wetlands 117

5.1.1 Water balance in the wetland of Liaohe River Delta 117

Chapter5. Hydrological adjustment of deltaic wetlands 117

第五章 三角洲湿地水文调节 117

5.1 自然湿地的水循环特征 117

5.1.1 辽河三角洲湿地水量平衡 117

5.1.2 Water resource and capacity estimation in the Liaohe River Delta 120

5.1.2 辽河三角洲水资源概算与湿地蓄水容量 120

5.1.3 辽河三角洲湿地水更新率 121

5.1.3 Water replacement rate in the Liao he River Delta 121

5.1.4 Hydrological circulation in the wetland of Yellow River Delta 124

5.1.4 黄河三角洲湿地水循环特征 124

5.2 人工湿地的水文调节 128

5.2 Hydrological adjustment of artificial wetlands 128

5.2.1 Water capacity of plain reservoirs 129

5.2.1 平原水库蓄水功能 129

5.2.2 Water balance in the paddy fields 131

5.2.2 稻田水量平衡 131

5.2.3 The benefit of water storage and flooding control from canals 135

5.2.3 灌溉渠系的蓄水及防洪效益 135

5.3 The benefit of flooding control from current irrigation works 136

5.3.1 Causing factors and characteristics of flooding in the Liaohe River Delta 136

5.3.1 洪水成因及特征 136

5.3 现有水利设施的防洪效益 136

5.3.2 Flooding hazards and economical loss 137

5.3.2 洪涝灾害和经济损失 137

5.3.3 辽河三角洲湿地的水文地质特征与地下含水层的调洪功能 139

5.3.3 Hydro-geological characteristics and flooding regulation function of underground aquifer 139

5.3.4 Partition of wetland flooding control area 140

5.3.4 湿地防洪功能分区 140

5.3.5 The effect of flooding on wetland formation 142

5.3.5 洪水对于湿地形成的动力作用 142

Chapter6. Nutrient circulation in the reed bed soils 143

6.1 Soil types in the Liaohe River Delta 143

6.1.1 Characteristics of soil formation 143

6.1.1 土壤形成特点 143

6.1 辽河三角洲的土壤 143

第六章 苇田湿地土壤养分循环 143

6.1.2 Soil types and distribution in the Liaohe River Delta 144

6.1.2 辽河三角洲土壤的分类与分布 144

6.2.2 Soil salt 148

6.2 Characters and nutrient status of reed bed soil 148

6.2.1 Soil texture 148

6.2.2 土壤盐分特性 148

6.2 苇田土壤特征与养分状况 148

6.2.1 土壤质地 148

6.3.1 Indices and calculation methods for biological nutrient circulation in the reed fields 149

6.3 Biological nutrient circulation in the reed field 149

6.2.3 Soil nutrient 149

6.3.1 苇田养分生物循环的指标及其计算方法 149

6.2.3 土壤养分状况 149

6.3 苇田养分生物循环 149

6.3.2 辽河三角洲的苇田养分循环 150

6.3.2 Nutrient circulation in the reed field of Liaohe River Delta 150

6.4 Management and productivity in the reed fields 151

6.4 苇田管理与产量 151

7.1 模型研究的目的与意义 153

第七章 辽河三角洲湿地氮、磷去除效应模型 153

7.1 Introduction 153

Chapter7. Spatial modeling on the nutrient reduction in the Liaohe River Delta 153

7.2 模型初始化:数据源与分析模型 154

7.2.1 数据源 154

7.2 Model initialization:data sources and analytical models 154

7.2.1 Data sources 154

7.2.2 Main features and objects related to the model 155

7.2.2 与模型有关的主要地物和实体 155

7.2.3 基本分析模型 157

7.2.3 Primary analytical models 157

7.2.4 适用于全模型的假设条件 159

7.2.4 Hypothesis applicable to the whole model 159

7.3 Simulation model based on field data 161

7.3.1 灌渠子系统的非线性回归模型 161

7.3.1 Non-linear spatial model for the canal system 161

7.3 以野外数据为基础的模拟模型 161

7.3.2 苇田子系统非线性和线性模拟模型 162

7.3.2 Non-linear and linear model for the reed system 162

7.3.3 整个灌区的总体模型 164

7.3.3 Total model for the whole irrigation area 164

7.3.4 以非线性模型为基础的养分去除总量估计 167

7.3.4 Nutrient reduction estimation based on non-linear simulation model 167

7.3.5 Model verification for the field data based model 170

7.3.5 以野外观测数据为主的模型验证 170

7.4 以文献数据为基础的模拟模型 171

7.4.1 Mander和Mauring的回归模型 171

7.4 Simulation model based on literature data 171

7.4.1 Mander- -Mauring regression model 171

7.4.2 Verification for Mander- -Mauring model 174

7.4.2 对Mander和Mauring模型的验证 174

7.5.1 氮磷总量平衡估算 175

7.5 模型的应用 175

7.5 Application of the model 175

7.5.1 General balance for nitrogen and phosphorous 175

7.5.3 湿地养分去除量的上限估算 176

7.5.2 10年间辽河三角洲湿地养分去除量的变化 176

7.5.2 Nutrient reduction change within10 years in the Liaohe River Delta 176

7.5.3 The potential ability of nutrient reduction in the wetlands 176

8.2 Methods 178

8.1 研究意义与模型假设 178

8.2 研究方法 178

Chapter8. The effect of landscape pattern on nutrient reduction in the wetland 178

8.1 Introduction and hypothesis 178

第八章 景观空间格局对湿地养分去除功能的影响 178

8.2.1 灌渠密度 179

8.2.1 Canal density 179

8.2.2 Reed area size 180

8.2.2 苇田面积大小 180

8.2.3 苇田面积缩减格局 180

8.2.3 Reed area shrinking pattem 180

8.2.4 泵站分布位置 181

8.2.4 Pumping station position 181

8.3 Results 182

8.3.1 The effect of canal density 182

8.3.1 不同灌渠密度的影响 182

8.3 研究结果 182

8.3.2 总输入负荷不变时,苇田面积大小对养分去除效果的影响 184

8.3.2 The effect of reed area size when total input load stable 184

8.3.3 The effect of reed area size when input load per unit area stable 185

8.3.3 总输入负荷减小时,苇田面积大小对去除量的影响 185

8.3.4 不同苇田格局的影响 187

8.3.4 The effect of reed area distribution pattem 187

8.3.5 不同泵站位置对养分去除的影响 188

8.3.5 The effect of pumping station position 188

8.4 模拟分析 189

8.4 Discussion 189

第九章 湿地温室气体排放 193

9.1 湿地对温室气体CH4排放的贡献 193

9.1 The contribution of wetland to greenhouse gasCH4 193

Chapter9. Greenhouse gas emission 193

9.1.1 国内外研究现状 194

9.1.2 The contribution of wetland to CH4 emission 194

9.1.1 Introduction 194

9.1.2 湿地对CH4排放的贡献 194

9.2.1 芦苇湿地CH4排放的季节变化 196

9.2 中国芦苇湿地CH4排放 196

9.2.1 Seasonal dynamics of CH4 emission in reed marsh 196

9.2 CH4 emission in Chinese wetlands 196

9.2.2 芦苇植株与环境因子对CH4排放的影响 197

9.2.2 The effect of reed plant and environmental factors on CH4 emission 197

9.3 N2O in Chinese wetlands 201

9.3.1 Seasonal dynamics of N2O in the reed fields 201

9.3.1 芦苇地N2O排放季节变化 201

9.3 中国芦苇湿地N2O排放 201

9.3.2 The transference of reed plant for N2O 203

9.4 Estimation of CH4 and N2O emission 203

9.4 CH4和N2O排放量估算 203

9.3.2 芦苇植株对N2O的传输作用 203

9.5 土地利用变化对温室气体排放的影响 204

9.5.1 芦苇改种水稻后的CH4和N2O通量 204

9.5 The effect of land use change on greenhouse gas emission 204

9.5.1 The emission rate of CH4 and N2O after land conversion from reed to paddy 204

9.5.2 土地利用变化对CH4和H2O排放的影响及总量估算 205

9.5.3 调控对策 205

9.5.2 The effect of land use change on CH4 and N2O emission rate and total emission estimation 205

9.5.3 Regulation strategies 205

Chapter10. The effect of sea level rising on the wetlands around Bohai Sea 207

第十章 海平面上升对环渤海湿地的影响 207

10.1 温室效应、全球变暖与海平面上升问题 207

10.1 Green house effect,global warming and sea level rising 207

10.2 The types,factors and behavior of sea level rising in China 209

10.2 海平面上升的类型、原因以及在中国的表现与危害 209

10.2.1 The global absolute sea level rising 210

10.2.1 全球性的、绝对的海平面上升 210

10.2.2 The regional relative sea level rising 212

10.2.2 地区性的、相对的海平面上升 212

10.2.3 中国沿海海平面上升情景与危害 213

10.2.3 The scene and harm of sea level rising along the coast of china 213

10.2.4 The sea level rising in the Liaohe and Yellow River deltas 215

10.2.4 辽河、黄河两大三角洲区海平面上升情景及其影响因素分析 215

10.3.1 The loss caused by direct inundation 220

10.3 The effect of sea level rising around Bohai sea on the Liaohe and Yellow River deltas 220

10.3.1 直接淹没大片湿地地区 220

10.3 环渤海海平面上升对辽河、黄河三角洲湿地的影响 220

10.3.2 The accelerated wetland recession 225

10.3.2 加剧湿地的侵蚀后退 225

10.3.3 Salty water intrusion and pollution spread 230

10.3.3咸水入侵,扩散污染,恶化环境 230

10.3.4 风暴潮与洪涝灾害加剧 231

10.3.4 Storm tide and aggravated hazards 231

10.4 Wetland protection around Bohai Sea 232

10.4 环渤海湿地保护对策 232

10.4.1 增强对防灾与湿地生态环境保护意义的认识 232

10.4.1 More emphasize on hazards prevention and environment protrction 232

10.4.2 积极研究对策、措施 233

10.4.2 More study on strategies and measures 233

Chapter11. The effect of agricultural exploration on wetlands 236

第十一章 农业开发对湿地的影响 236

11.1 The agricultural exploration in the study area 236

11.1 区域农业开发简况 236

11.1.1 辽河三角洲的农业开发 236

11.1.1 Agricultural exploration ih the Liaohe River Delta 236

11.1.2 Agricultural exploration in the Yellow River Delta 237

11.1.2 黄河三角洲的农业开发 237

11.1.3 The formation of artificial wetlands and new wetland landscape 238

11.1.3 人工湿地的形成和新湿地景观 238

11.2 稻田开发对湿地生态环境的影响 239

11.2.1 土壤脱盐与潜水淡化 239

11.2 The effect of paddy field reclamation on the wetlands 239

11.2.1 Soil desaltification and groundwater desalination 239

11.2.2 稻田土壤养分变化及对地下水的影响 243

11.2.2 Paddy soil nutrition change and its effect on groundwater 243

11.3 水稻田盐分预测预报模型 245

11.3 The prediction model of paddy soil salt content 245

11.3.1 Mathematical model for dynamical soil salt prediction 246

11.3.1 土壤盐分动态集成预报模型的数学描述 246

11.3.2 水稻田盐分预测预报模型的参数及检验 248

11.3.2 Parameters and verification of salt prediction model for the paddy field 248

11.3.3 集成预报模型的单点模拟与区域预测 250

11.3.3 Aggregated single point simulation and regional prediction 250

11.4.1 以发展水生饲料为中心的生态养殖模式 255

11.4 生态农业技术的典型模式 255

11.4.1 Ecological breeding ponds for aqua-feedstuff 255

11.4 Typical models of eco-farming technology 255

11.4.2 Vertical farming with rice,duckweed and crabs 257

11.4.2 稻-萍-蟹立体农业模式 257

第十二章 油田开发对湿地的影响 259

12.1 环渤海三角洲油气藏分布及开发概况 259

12.1 The distribution of oil and gas layers around Bohai Sea 259

Chapter12. The effect of oil exploration on wetlands 259

12.2 石油工业开发的环境污染途径分析 260

12.2 The pollution caused by oil exploration 260

12.3 油田开发对三角洲湿地环境的影响 261

12.3.1 石油工业的三废排放 261

12.3 The effect of oil exploration on the wetlands in the deltas 261

12.3.1 Waste pollutants from oil industry 261

12.3.2 The effect of oil exploration on shallow water besch 265

12.3.2 油田开发对浅海滩涂环境的影响 265

12.3.3 The effect of oil exploration on soil-plant system 267

12.3.3 油田开发对土壤-植物系统的影响 267

12.4 The water quality and water pollution in the Yellow River Delta 269

12.4 黄河三角洲湿地的水体质量与水质污染状况 269

12.5.1 地表水环境 271

12.5 辽河三角洲湿地的水体质量与水质污染状况 271

12.5.1 Surface water quality 271

12.5 The water quality and water pollution in the Liaohe River Delta 271

12.5.2 水库水质 272

12.5.2 Reservoir water quality 272

12.5.3 Sea water quality ih the lower tidal belt 273

12.5.3 潮下带海水水质 273

12.6 加强油田管理、保护湿地资源 274

12.6 Management of the oil field for wetland resource protection 274

13.1 区域生态风险评价的理论与方法 275

第十三章 湿地区域生态风险评价 275

13.1.1 从环境影响评价到生态风险评价 275

Chapter13. Regional ecological risk assessment 275

13.1 Theory and methods for regional ecological risk assessment 275

13.1.1 Environment effect assessment and ecological risk assessment 275

13.1.2 Characters and contents of ecological risk assessment 275

13.1.2 生态风险评价的特点与内容 275

13.1.3 区域生态风险评价 278

13.1.3 Regional ecological risk assessment 278

13.2.1 研究区的界定 282

13.2.2 风险受体分析 282

13.2 辽河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价 282

13.2.1 The delineation of study area 282

13.2.2 Risk receptor assessment 282

13.2 Regional ecological risk assessment in the wetland of Liaohe River Delta 282

13.2.3 风险源分析 283

13.2.3 Risk source assessment 283

13.2.4 Exposure and hazard assessment 285

13.2.4 暴露和危害分析 285

13.2.5 区域生态风险综合评价 288

13.2.5 Global assessment on the regional ecological risks 288

13.2.6 区域风险管理对策 290

13.2.6 Regional risk management strategies 290

13.3 黄河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价 292

13.3.1 研究区的界定 292

13.3.2 风险受体分析 292

13.3.2 Risk receptor assessment 292

13.3.1 The delineation of study area 292

13.3 Regional ecological risk assessment in the wetland of Yellow Delta 292

13.3.3 风险源分析 293

13.3.3 Risk source assessment 293

13.3.4 暴露和危害分析 294

13.3.4 Exposure and hazard assessment 294

13.3.5 区域生态风险综合评价 296

13.3.5 Global assessment on the regional ecological risks 296

13.3.6 区域风险管理对策 298

13.3.6 Regional risk management strategies 298

第十四章 湿地管理与景观生态规划 301

14.1 湿地保护与管理策略:湿地生境更新与调整 301

14.1.1 生境更新 301

14.1.1Habitat renewal 301

14.1 Wetland protection and management:Habitat renewal and mitigation 301

Chapter14. Watland management and landscape ecological planning 301

14.1.2 Habitat mitigation 302

14.1.2 生境调整 302

14.1.3 生境更新与调整及各自适用性 303

14.1.3 The application of habitat renewal and habitat mitigation strategies 303

14.1.4 The way of habitat renewal 304

14.1.4 生境更新的途径与方法 304

14.1.5 The way of habitat mitigation 305

14.1.5 生境调整的途径与方法 305

14.1.6 Habitat renewal,mitigation and management 305

14.1.6 生境更新、调整与生境管理 305

14.2.1 Scenarios and scenarios study 306

14.2.1 预案 与预案研究 306

14.2 Scenarios study and LEDESS model 306

14.2 预案研究方法及景观生态决策与评价支持系统 306

14.2.2 A tool for scenarios study:LEDESS MODEL 308

14.2.2 预案评价工具——景观生态决策与评价支持系统 308

14.3.1 Data sources and its analysis 314

14.3 数据资料处理及辽河三角洲景观规划的预案设计 314

14.3.1 数据资料来源及其处理 314

14.3 Data analysis and scenarios designing for the landscape of Liaohe River Delta 314

14.3.2 预案设计的限制因子及有关假设 319

14.3.2 Limitation factors and hypothesis 319

14.3.3 预案设计 321

14.3.3 Scenarios designing 321

14.3.4 LEDESS模型知识库系统的构建 326

14.3.4 Knowledge system for LEDESS model 326

14.4.1 生态后果空间模拟方法 333

14.4 Spatial simulation for the ecological consequences of different scenarios 333

14.4.1 Spatial simulation methods for different ecological consequences 333

14.4 各预案生态后果空间模拟 333

14.4.2 Strategies and spatial positioning 334

14.4.2 实施措施及其空间定位 334

14.4.3 Natural ecological units and land cover change 337

14.4.3 自然生态单元与地表覆盖物的变化 337

14.4.4 Habitat suitability change 340

14.4.4 生境适宜性的变化 340

14.4.5 指示物种繁殖生境的生态承载力 347

14.4.5 Ecological capacity for the breeding habitats of indicator species 347

14.5 Spatial analysis on regional ecological and economical effect 354

14.5.1 Indicators for regional eco-economical benefit assessment 354

14.5.1 区域生态经济效益评价指标的建立 354

14.5 区域生态经济效应的空间分析 354

14.5.2 结果与分析 355

14.5.2 Results and analysis 355

14.6.1 General evaluation for different scenarios and conclusions 359

14.6 预案研究结果及其讨论 359

14.6.1 各预案的总体评价及相关结论 359

14.6 Scenarios study results and discussion 359

14.6.2 预案研究结果对区域生物保护与资源开发的启示 362

14.6.2 The indicative value of scenarios study results for regional bio-protection and resource exploration 362

14.6.3 关于预案研究方法和LEDESS模型 366

14.6.3 Scenarios study and LEDESS model 366

Chapter15. Evaluation on ecologlcal service function in the Liaohe River Delta 368

第十五章 生态系统服务价值评估 368

15.1 盘锦地区生态系统服务功能分析 369

15.1 Ecosystem service function analysis in the Panjin region 369

15.2.1 物质生产功能 370

15.2 盘锦地区生态系统服务功能价值估算 370

15.2 Ecosystem service value assessment ih the Panjin region 370

15.2.1 Material production 370

15.2.2 Atmosphere component regulation 372

15.2.2 大气组分调节功能 372

15.2.3 Hydrological regulation 377

15.2.3 水分调节 377

15.2.4 Purification function 380

15.2.4 净化功能 380

15.2.5 Hahitat function 383

15.2.5 提供栖息地功能 383

15.2.6 文化科研功能 386

15.2.7 美学(旅游)价值 386

15.2.7 Aesthetic(touriam)function 386

15.2.6 Educational and scientific research function 386

15.3 Statistics and analysis 388

15.3 统计与分析 388

16.1 Comparison of natural environment 390

Chapter16. Optional models for regional sustainable development:the Liaohe and Yellow River deltas 390

16.1 自然环境的对比 390

第十六章 区域可持续发展的模式选择 390

16.2 开发历史的对比 392

16.2 Comparison of reclamation history 392

16.3.1 土地利用结构的对比 393

16.3 经济社会发展状况的对比 393

16.3.1 Comparison of landuse structure 393

16.3 Comparison of social-economical development 393

16.3.2 Comparison of industrial structure 394

16.3.2 产业结构的对比 394

16.3.3 Comparison of social development 398

16.3.3 社会发展状况的对比 398

16.4 Comparison of development trend and limitation factors 399

16.4.1 The development trend of oil and gas industry 399

16.4.1 石油、天然气生产发展趋势 399

16.4 发展趋势与限制因素的对比 399

16.4.2 The development trend of grain and reed production 400

16.4.2 粮食和芦苇生产发展趋势 400

16.4.3 The development trend of water resource shortage 401

16.4.3 水资源短缺的趋势 401

16.4.4 The problems and development trend of natural reserves 403

16.4.4 自然保护区面临的问题和发展趋势 403

16.4.5 Main limitation factors 404

16.5 Optional models for regional sustainable development 404

16.5.1 Water and soil harness model 404

16.5.1 水土整治模式 404

16.5 区域可持续发展的模式选择 404

16.4.5 主要制约因素 404

16.5.2 Structure adjustment model 405

16.5.2 结构调整模式 405

16.5.3 Eco-farming models 406

16.5.4 Environment protection and optimization 406

16.5.4 环境保护和优化模式 406

16.5.3 生态农业模式 406

References 408

主要参考文献 408