INTRODUCTION 1
1 MATERIALS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE 3
1.1 Basic Concepts 3
1.1.1 Materials for concrete 3
1.1.2 Properties of the concrete mix 7
1.1.3 Mixing and placing 8
1.2 Concrete Technology 11
1.2.1 Durability of concrete 11
1.2.2 Mix Proportions 12
1.3.1 Control of concrete quality 16
1.3 Mix Design 16
1.3.2 Mix design criteria 17
1.3.3 Mix design based on statistical data 18
1.3.4 Mix design based on a prescribed margin 20
1.3.5 Mix design based on a prescribed water-cement ratio 21
1.4 Concrete Testing 21
1.4.1 Testing the constituents of the mix 21
1.4.2 Testing for consistency of the mix 25
1.4.3 Testing of the concrete 25
1.5.2 Tensile strength 26
1.5.1 Compressive strength 26
1.5 Concrete Properties 26
1.5.3 Modulus of elasticity 27
1.5.4 Creep 28
1.5.5 Shrinkage 29
1.6 Reinforcement Properties 29
1.6.1 Deformed bars 29
1.6.2 Welding reinforcement 30
1.6.3 Corrosion protection 31
1.7 Supplementary Problems 32
References 33
2.2 Ultimate Limit State Procedure 37
2.2.1 Strength design requirements 37
2 LIMIT STATE PRINCIPLES 37
2.1.1 Limit state requirements 37
2.1 General Concepts 37
2.2.2 Design strength and reduction factors 39
2.2.3 Design load and load factors 39
2.3 Serviceability Limit State Procedure 40
2.3.1 Working stress design method 40
2.3.2 Serviceability criteria 42
2.4.1 Load types 43
2.4.2 Loading combinations 43
2.4 Loading Conditions 43
2.4.3 Loading arrangements 44
2.4.4 Moment redistribution 48
2.4.5 Approximate design coefficients 54
2.5 Supplementary problems 56
References 57
3 FLEXURE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS 59
3.1 General 59
3.1.1 Types of members 59
3.1.2 Reinforcement detailing 60
3.2.1 Rectangular beam with tension reinforcement only 62
3.2 Strength Design 62
3.2.2 Rectangular beam with compression reinforcement 78
3.2.3 Flanged section with tension reinforcement only 83
3.3 Serviceability Requirements 88
3.3.1 Crack control 88
3.3.2 Deflections 92
3.3.3 Working stress design method 97
3.4 Supplementary problems 104
References 107
4.1.1 General shear concepts 109
4.1 Design for Shear 109
4 SHEAR AND TORSION OF CONCRETE BEAMS 109
4.1.2 Design of beams without shear reinforcement 113
4.1.3 Rectangular beam with shear reinforcement 116
4.1.4 Shear in deep beams 126
4.1.5 Design of corbels 130
4.2 Design for Torsion 135
4.2.1 General torsion concepts 135
4.2.2 Design of beams without torsion reinforcement 137
4.2.3 Rectangular beam with torsion reinforcement 138
4.3.1 Shear reinforcement 148
4.3 Reinforcement detailing 148
4.3.2 Torsion reinforcement 149
4.4 Supplementary problems 150
References 151
5 BOND AND ANCHORAGE 153
5.1 General 153
5.1.1 Bond effects in reinforced concrete 153
5.2 Anchorage Requirements 157
5.2.1 Development length: straight bars in tension 157
5.2.2 Development length: straight bars in compression 162
5.2.3 Bundled bars 163
5.2.4 Development length: hooked bars in tension 166
5.3.1 Curtailment of flexural reinforcement 169
5.3 Curtailment Requirements 169
5.3.2 Positive flexural reinforcement 172
5.3.3 Negative flexural reinforcement 173
5.4 Reinforcement Splices 178
5.4.1 Splice lengths for tension reinforcement 178
5.4.2 Splice lengths for compression reinforcement 182
5.4.3 Welded splices and mechanical connections 185
5.5 Reinforcement detailing 185
5.5.1 Empirical detailing procedures 185
5.6 Supplementary problems 186
References 188
6 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS 189
6.1 General Principles 189
6.1.1 Column instability 189
6.1.2 Effective column length 190
6.1.3 Slenderness effects 192
6.1.4 Reinforcement detailing 198
6.2 Short Columns 200
6.2.1 Short columns with axial load only 200
6.2.2 Short columns with applied moment 212
6.3.4 Biaxial bending 212
6.3.1 Determination of P-Delta effects 216
6.3 Long Columns 216
6.3.2 Magnified moments: non-sway frames 217
6.3.3 Magnified moments: sway frames 220
6.4 Transfer of force at base of column 223
6.4.1 Transfer by bearing on concrete 223
6.4.2 Transfer by reinforcement 224
6.5 Supplementary problems 227
References 230
7.1 General 231
7.1.1 Types of slabs 231
7 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS 231
7.2 One-way Slabs 232
7.2.1 Design of one-way slabs 232
7.2.2 Deflection criteria 233
7.2.3 Reinforcement detailing 233
7.3 Two-way Slabs 237
7.3.1 Design of two-way slabs 237
7.3.2 Direct design method 237
7.3.3 Shear requirements 242
7.3.4 Deflection criteria 252
7.3.5 Reinforcement detailing 258
7.4 Supplementary problems 259
References 260
8 DESIGN OF FOOTINGS 261
8.1 General 261
8.1.1 Types of footings 261
8.1.2 Reinforcement detailing 262
8.2 Design Requirements 263
8.2.1 Strip footing 263
8.2.2 Isolated column footing 266
8.2.3 Isolated column footing with eccentric load 277
8.2.4 Combined footing 282
8.2.5 Strap footing 292
8.2.6 Eccentric footing 298
8.3 Supplementary problems 304
References 307
9 RETAINING WALLS 309
9.1 General 309
9.1.1 Types of retaining walls 309
9.1.2 General design considerations 310
9.2 Cantilever and Gravity Walls 311
9.2.1 Design of cantilever retaining walls 311
9.2.2 Reinforcement detailing 313
9.2.3 Gravity retaining wall 323
9.2.4 Counterfort retaining wall 325
9.3 Sheet Pile Walls 328
9.3.1 Cantilever sheet pile wall 328
9.3.2 Anchored sheet pile wall 330
9.4 Supplementary problems 337
References 338
10 PILED FOUNDATIONS 339
10.1 General 339
10.1.1 Using piled foundations 339
10.2 Pile Group with Vertical Piles 340
10.2.1 Vertical loading only 340
10.2.2 Vertical and lateral loading 342
10.3 Pile Group with Inclined Piles 344
10.3.1 No rotation of pile cap 344
10.3.2 Rotation of pile cap 346
10.4 Pile Cap Design 351
10.4.1 Beam analogy method 351
10.4.2 Truss analogy method 355
10.5 Supplementary problems 359
References 361
APPENDIX 363
Structural Design Programs for the HP-48G Calculator 363
INDEX 383