第1章 蜂窝小区概念及传播预测的必要性 The Cellular Concept and the Need for Propagation Prediction 1
1 The Cellular Concept and the Need for Propagation Prediction 1
1.1 Concept of spatial reuse 2
1.2 Linear cells as an example of FDMAspectrum reuse 4
1.3 Hexagonal cells for area coverage 6
1.3b Interference for symmetric reuse patterns 8
1.3a Symmetric reuse patterns 8
1.4 Sectored cells 9
1.5 Spatial reuse for CDMA 10
1.6 Summary 12
Problems 13
References 13
2 Survey of Observed Characteristics of the Propagation Channel 15
第2章 传播信道观测特性的测量 Survey of Observed Characteristics of the Propagation Channel 15
2.1 Narrowband signal measurements 16
2.1a Signal variation over small areas:fast fading 18
2.1b Variations of the small-area average:shadow fading 21
2.1c Separating shadow fading from range dependence 22
2.2 Slope-intercept models for macrocell range dependence 24
2.3 Range dependence for microcells:influence of street geometry 26
2.3a LOS paths 27
2.3b Zigzag and staircase paths in Sunset and Mission districts 29
2.3cNon-LOSPaths in the high-rise core of San Francisco 31
2.4 Multipath model for fast fading and other narrowband effects 31
2.4a Frequency fading 32
2.4b Time-dependent fading 33
2.4d Depolarization 34
2.4c Doppler spread 34
2.5 Narrowband indoor signal propagation 35
2.5a Fast fading for indoor links 36
2.5b Distance dependence of small-area average 38
2.6 Channel response for pulsed excitation 39
2.6a Power delay profile 40
2.6c Measures of time-delay spread 42
2.6b Fading characteristics of individual pulses 42
2.6d Coherence bandwidth 45
2.7 Multipath observed at elevated base station antennas 45
2.8 Summary 47
Problems 47
References 49
第3章 平面波传播、反射和透射 Plane Wave Propagation,Reflection,and Transmission 53
3 Plane Wave Propagation,Reflection,and Transmission 53
3.1 Plane waves in an unbounded region 54
3.1a Phasor notation 56
3.1b Propagation oblique to the coordinate axes 57
3.1c Fast fading due to several plane waves 58
3.1d Correlation function and Doppler spread 60
3.2 Reflection of plane waves at planar boundaries 62
3.1e Fading at elevated base stations 62
3.2a Snell s law 63
3.2b Reflection and transmission coefficients for TE polarization 64
3.2c Reflection and transmission coefficients for TM polarization 66
3.2d Height gain for antennas above ground 68
3.2e Reflection of circularly polarized waves 69
3.3 Plane wave incidence on dielectric layers 71
3.3a Reflection at a brick wall 72
3.3b Reflection at walls with loss 74
3.3c Transmission through walls of uniform construction 76
3.3d Transmission through in-situ walls and floors 79
3.4 Summary 80
Problems 81
References 82
4 Antennas and Radiation 85
第4章 天线和辐射 Antennas and Radiation 85
4.1 Radiation of spherical waves 86
4.2 Receiving antennas,reciprocity,and path gain or loss 90
4.2a Path gain or loss 91
4.2b Effective area of a receiving antenna 92
4.2c Received power in the presence of a multipath 95
4.3 Two-ray model for propagation above a flat earth 96
4.3a Breakpoint distance 98
4.3b Two-slope regression fit 100
4.4 LOS Propagation in an urban canyon 101
4.5 Cylindrical waves 104
4.6 Summary 104
Problems 105
References 106
5 Diffraction by Edges and Corners 107
第5章 边缘和拐角的衍射 Diffraction by Edges and Corners 107
5.1 Local nature of propagation 108
5.1a Evaluation of the field distortion 110
5.1b Interpretation of the local region in terms of Fresnel zones 111
5.2 Plane wave diffraction by an absorbing half-screen 113
5.2a Field in the illuminated region y＞0 114
5.2b Field in the shadow region y＜0 117
5.2c Geometrical theory of diffraction 118
5.2d Evaluating the Fresnel integral for y near the shadow boundary 118
5.2e Uniform theory of diffraction 120
5.3 Diffraction for other edges and for oblique incidence 122
5.3a Absorbing screen 123
5.3b Conducting screen 124
5.3c Right-angle wedge 124
5.3d Plane waves propagating oblique to the edge 126
5.4 Diffraction of spherical waves 127
5.4a Diffraction for rays incident at nearly right angles to the edge 128
5.4b Diffraction for rays that are oblique to the edge 129
5.4c Path gain for wireless applications 131
5.5 Diffraction by multiple edges 132
5.5a Two parallel edges 133
5.5b Two perpendicular edges 135
Problems 136
5.6 Summary 136
References 138
6 Propagation in the Presence of Buildings on Flat Terrain 141
第6章 平地面上存在建筑物时的传播 Propagation in the Presence of Buildings on Flat Terrain 141
6.1 Modeling propagation over rows of low buildings 142
6.1a Components of the path gain 143
6.1b Modeling PG2 by diffraction of the rooftop fields 144
6.2 Approaches to computing the reduction PG1 of the rooftop fields 147
6.2a Physical optics approach to cpmputing field reduction 149
6.2b Solutions for uniform row spacing and building height 149
6.3 Plane wave incidence for macrocell predictions 150
6.3a Solution in terms of Borsma s functions 151
6.3b Using the settled field to find the path loss 154
6.4 Cylindrical wave incidence for microcell predictions 157
6.4a Solution in terms of Borsma s functions 158
6.4b Path loss for low base station antennas 162
6.4c Path lossfor mobile-to-mobile propagation 164
6.4d Propagation oblique to rows of buildings 166
6.5 Numerical evaluation of fields for variable building height and row spacing 168
6.5a Windowing to terminate the integration 169
6.5b Discretization of the integration 170
6.5c Height dependence of the settled field 171
6.5d Influence of roof shape 173
6.6 Summary 176
Problems 177
References 178
7 Shadow Fading and the Effects of Terrain and Trees 181
7.1 Shadow fading statistics 181
第7章 阴影衰落和地形及树丛效应 Shadow Fading and the Effects of Terrain and Trees 181
7.1a Variation of the rooftop fields 182
7.1b Combined variations for street-level signal 185
7.2 Modeling terrain effects 187
7.2a Paths with LOS to the rooftops near the subscriber 188
7.2b Paths with diffraction over bare wedge-shaped hills 189
7.2c Paths with diffraction over bare cylindrical hills 192
7.2d Diffraction of cylindrical waves over hills with buildings 194
7.2e Path loss formulas for building-covered hills 200
7.3 Modeling the effects of trees 201
7.3a Propagation to subscribers in forested areas 203
7.3b Path loss to subscribers in forest clearings 206
7.3c Rows of trees in residential areas 208
7.4 Summary 211
Problems 211
References 213
8 Site-Specific Propagation Prediction 217
第8章 特定场合中的传播预测 Site-Specific Propagation Prediction 217
8.1 Outdoor predictions using a two-dimensional building database 220
8.1a Image and pincushion methods 221
8.1b Ray contributions to total power 223
8.1c Comparison of predictions with measurements 225
8.2 Two-dimensional predictions for a Manhattan street grid 226
8.2a Path loss in turning one corner 227
8.2b Predictions made using two-dimensional ray methods 230
8.3 Outdoor predictions using a three-dimensional building database 231
8.3a Three-dimensional pincushion method 232
8.3b Vertical plane launch method 234
8.3c Slant plane-vertical plane method 237
8.3d Monte Carlo simulation of higher-order channel statistics 238
8.4 Indoor site-specific predictions 241
8.4a Transmission through floors 243
8.4b Effect of furniture and ceiling structure on propagation over a floor 245
8.5 Summary 248
Problems 249
References 250
Index 253