1 INTRODUCTION:WAVES AND PHASORS 1
1-1 Dimensions,Units,and Notation 4
1-2 The Nature of Electromagnetism 5
1-2.1 The Gravitational Force:A Useful Analogue 6
1-2.2 Electric Fields 7
1-2.3 Magnetic Fields 9
1-2.4 Static and Dynamic Fields 11
1-3 Traveling Waves 12
1-3.1 Sinusoidal Wave in a Lossless Medium 14
1-3.2 Sinusoidal Wave in a Lossy Medium 17
1-4 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 19
1-5 Review of Complex Numbers 22
1-6 Review of Phasors 24
Problems 29
2 TRANSMISSION LINES 33
2-1 General Considerations 35
2-1.1 The Role of Wavelength 36
2-1.2 Propagation Modes 37
2-2 Lumped-Element Model 39
2-3 Transmission-Line Equations 43
2-4 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line 44
2-5 The Lossless Transmission Line 47
2-5.1 Voltage Reflection Coefficient 48
2-5.2 Standing Waves 51
2-6 Input Impedance of the Lossless Line 55
2-7.1 Short-Circuited Line 58
2-7 Special Cases of the Lossless Line 58
2-7.2 Open-Circuited Line 60
2-7.3 Application of Short-Circuit and Open-Circuit Measurements 60
2-7.4 Lines of Length ι=nλ/2 62
2-7.5 Quarter-Wave Transformer 62
2-7.6 Matched Transmission Line:Z8L=Z0 62
2-8 Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line 64
2-8.1 Instantaneous Power 64
2-8.2 Time-Average Power 65
2-9 The Smith Chart 66
2-9.1 Parametric Equations 66
2-9.2 Input Impedance 71
2-9.3 SWR,Voltage Maxima and Minima 73
2-9.4 Impedance to Admittance Transformations 74
2-10 Impedance Matching 80
2-11 Transients on Transmission Lines 84
2-11.1 Transient Response 84
2-11.2 Bounce Diagrams 88
Problems 92
3 VECTOR ANALYSIS 100
3-1 Basic Laws of Vector Algebra 101
3-1.1 Equality of Two Vectors 102
3-1.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction 103
3-1.3 Position and Distance Vectors 103
3-1.4 Vector Multiplication 104
3-1.5 Scalar and Vector Triple Products 107
3-2 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems 108
3-2.2 Cylindrical Coordinates 109
3-2.1 Cartesian Coordinates 109
3-2.3 Spherical Coordinates 113
3-3 Transformations between Coordinate Systems 115
3-3.1 Cartesian to Cylindrical Transformations 115
3-3.2 Cartesian to Spherical Transformations 117
3-3.3 Cylindrical to Spherical Transformations 119
3-3.4 Distance between Two Points 119
3-4 Gradient of a Scalar Field 120
3-4.1 Gradient Operator in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 121
3-4.2 Properties of the Gradient Operator 122
3-5 Divergence of a Vector Field 123
3-5.1 Divergence Theorem 125
3-5.2 Remarks on Notation 125
3-6 Curl of a Vector Field 127
3-6.1 Vector Identities Involving the Curl 128
3-6.2 Stokes's Theorem 129
3-7 Laplacian Operator 130
Problems 132
4 ELECTROSTATICS 138
4-1 Maxwell's Equations 139
4-2 Charge and Current Distributions 140
4-2.1 Charge Densities 140
4-2.2 Current Density 142
4-3 Coulomb's Law 143
4-3.1 Electric Field due to Multiple Point Charges 144
4-3.2 Electric Field due to a Charge Distribution 145
4-5.4 Electric Field as a Function of Electric Potential 147
4-4 Gauss's Law 148
4-5 Electric Scalar Potential 151
4-5.1 Electric Potential as a Function of Electric Field 151
4-5.2 Electric Potential due to Point Charges 153
4-5.3 Electric Potential due to Continuous Distributions 153
4-5.5 Poisson's Equation 155
4-6 Electrical Properties of Materials 156
4-7 Conductors 157
4-7.1 Resistance 158
4-7.2 Joule's Law 160
4-8 Dielectrics 161
4-9 Electric Boundary Conditions 163
4-9.1 Dielectric—Conductor Boundary 166
4-9.2 Conductor—Conductor Boundary 167
4-10 Capacitance 168
4-11 Electrostatic Potential Energy 172
4-12 Image Method 173
Problems 176
5 MAGNETOSTATICS 186
5-1 Magnetic Forces and Torques 187
5-1.1 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor 189
5-1.2 Magnetic Torque on a Current-Carrying Loop 192
5-2 The Biot—Savart Law 195
5-2.1 Magnetic Field due to Surface and Volume Current Distributions 196
5-2.2 Magnetic Field of a Magnetic Dipole 199
5-3 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors 200
5-4 Maxwell's Magnetostatic Equations 201
5-4.1 Gauss's Law for Magnetism 201
5-4.2 Amphere's Law 202
5-5 Vector Magnetic Potential 206
5-6 Magnetic Properties of Materials 208
5-6.1 Orbital and Spin Magnetic Moments 208
5-6.2 Magnetic Permeability 209
5-6.3 Magnetic Hysteresis of Ferromagnetic Materials 210
5-7 Magnetic Boundary Conditions 213
5-8 Inductance 214
5-8.1 Magnetic Field in a Solenoid 215
5-8.2 Self-inductance 216
5-8.3 Mutual Inductance 218
5-9 Magnetic Energy 219
Problems 221
6 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS FOR TIME-VARYING FIELDS 229
6-1 Faraday's Law 231
6-2 Stationary Loop in a Time-Varying Magnetic Field 233
6-3 The Ideal Transformer 237
6-4 Moving Conductor in a Static Magnetic Field 238
6-5 The Electromagnetic Generator 241
6-6 Moving Conductor in a Time-Varying Magnetic Field 243
6-7 Displacement Current 244
6-8 Boundary Conditions for Electromagnetics 246
6-9 Charge-Current Continuity Relation 247
6-10 Free-Charge Dissipation in a Conductor 249
6-11 Electromagnetic Potentials 250
6-11.1 Retarded Potentials 250
6-11.2 Time-Harmonic Potentials 251
Problems 255
7 PLANE-WAVE PROPAGATION 260
7-1 Time-Harmonic Fields 262
7-1.1 Complex Permittivity 263
7-1.2 Wave Equations for a Charge-Free Medium 263
7-2 Plane-Wave Propagation in Lossless Media 264
7-2.1 Uniform Plane Waves 264
7-2.2 General Relation between E and H 268
7-3 Wave Polarization 269
7-3.1 Linear Polarization 270
7-3.2 Circular Polarization 271
7-3.3 Elliptical Polarization 273
7-4 Plane-Wave Propagation in Lossy Media 276
7-4.1 Low-Loss Dielectric 278
7-4.2 Good Conductor 278
7-5 Current Flow in a Good Conductor 280
7-6 Electromagnetic Power Density 283
7-6.1 Plane Wave in a Lossless Medium 284
7-6.2 Plane Wave in a Lossy Medium 285
7-6.3 Decibel Scale for Power Ratios 286
Problems 288
8 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION,AND GEOMETRIC OPTICS 292
8-1 Wave Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence 294
8-1.1 Boundary between Lossless Media 294
8-1.2 Transmission-Line Analogue 297
8-1.3 Power Flow in Lossless Media 298
8-1.4 Boundary between Lossy Media 301
8-2 Snell's Laws 303
8-3 Fiber Optics 306
8-4 Wave Reflection and Transmission at Oblique Incidence 308
8-4.1 Perpendicular Polarization 309
8-4.2 Parallel Polarization 313
8-4.3 Brewster Angle 315
8-5 Reflectivity and Transmissivity 316
8-6 Geometric Optics 319
8-7 Images Formed by Mirrors 320
8-7.1 Images Formed by Plane Mirrors 321
8-7.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors 322
8-8 Images Formed by Spherical Lenses 324
Problems 332
9 RADIATION AND ANTENNAS 340
9-1 The Short Dipole 343
9-1.1 Far-Field Approximation 345
9-1.2 Power Density 346
9-2 Antenna Radiation Characteristics 348
9-2.1 Antenna Pattern 349
9-2.2 Beam Dimensions 351
9-2.3 Antenna Directivity 351
9-2.4 Antenna Gain 354
9-2.5 Radiation Resistance 354
9-3 Half-Wave Dipole Antenna 355
9-3.1 Directivity of λ/2 Dipole 357
9-3.2 Radiation Resistance of λ/2 Dipole 357
9-3.3 Quarter-Wave Monopole Antenna 358
9-4 Dipole of Arbitrary Length 359
9-5 Effective Area of a Receiving Antenna 360
9-6 Friis Transmission Formula 363
9-7 Radiation by Large-Aperture Antennas 365
9-8 Rectangular Aperture with Uniform Aperture Distribution 368
9-8.1 Beamwidth 369
9-8.2 Directivity and Effective Area 370
9-9 Antenna Arrays 371
9-10 N-Element Array with Uniform Phase Distribution 378
9-11 Electronic Scanning of Arrays 380
9-11.1 Uniform-Amplitude Excitation 382
9-11.2 Array Feeding 382
Problems 386
10 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SENSORS 390
10-1 Satellite Communication Systems 391
10-2 Satellite Transponders 393
10-3 Communication-Link Power Budget 396
10-4 Antenna Beams 398
10-5.1 Basic Operation of a Radar System 399
10-5 Radar Sensors 399
10-5.2 Unambiguous Range 400
10-5.3 Range and Angular Resolutions 401
10-6 Target Detection 402
10-7 Doppler Radar 404
10-8 Monopulse Radar 406
Problems 410
APPENDIX A SYMBOLS,QUANTITIES,AND UNITS 411
APPENDIX B MATERIAL CONSTANTS OF SOME COMMON MATERIALS 413
APPENDIX C MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS 415
APPENDIX D ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS 417
BIBLIOGRAPHY 423
INDEX 425