1 The early years 3
PART ONE Practical language teaching to 1800 3
2 'Refugiate in a strange country':the refugee language teachers in Elizabethan London 12
1 Title-page ofJacques Bellot's English Schoolmaster(1580). 15
2 Extract from Jacques Bellot's Familiar Dialogues(1586). 17
3 Extract from Claudius Holyband's French Littleton(1609 edition) 23
3 Towards'The great and common world' 32
4 Extract from Joseph Webbe's Children's Talk (1627). 36
5 5 Title-page of Comenius's Orbis Pictus (1659). 47
7 Extract from Orbis Pictus(1659). 48
6 Extract from Orbis Pictus(1659). 48
4 Guy Miège and the second Huguenot exile 52
8 Extract from Guy Miège's English Grammar(1688). 56
9 Extract from Guy Miège's Nouvelle Méthode pour appren-dre l'Anglois(1685). 58
5 The spread of English language teaching in Europe 61
10 Map:The spread of English as a foreign language in Europe to 1800. 62
11 Selected late-seventeenth and eighteenth century works for the teaching of English as a foreign language. 63
12 Title-page of John Miller's The Tutor(1797). 69
13 Extract from John Miller's The Tutor(1797). 70
14 Extract from John Miller's The Tutor ( 1797). 71
6 Introduction 75
PART TWO On'fixing'the language 75
The work of John Hart,Chester Herald 83
7 Two proposals for orthographical reform in the sixteenth century: 83
15 First step in John Hart's Method(1570). 87
16 Second step in John Hart's Method(1570). 88
Richard Mulcaster's Elementarie 89
Ben Jonson's English Grammar 94
8 Early pedagogical grammars of English for foreign learners: 94
John Wallis's Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae 98
9 'Things,words,and notions' 102
17 Summary of John Wilkins'Essay(1668). 103
Latin Schools and English Schools 106
10 The language'fixed': 106
Swift's Proposal for a British Academy 109
Towards Standard English 110
18 Extracts from Johnson's Dictionary of the English Lan-guage(1755)including the famous oats definition,and Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language(from the 1832 London reprint). 113
19 Extract from Lowth's Short Introduction to English Grammar(1762). 118
20 Extract from Lowth's Short Introduction to English Grammar(1762). 119
Overview 129
PART THREE Language teaching in the nineteenth century 129
Introduction 131
11 The grammar-translation method: 131
The grammar-translation method and the schools:some Anglo-German contrasts 132
The grammar-translation method and adult language teaching:the'practical approach'of Ahn and Ollendorff 138
21 Lesson 50 of Ollendorff's German course for English speakers(2nd edition 1841). 142
12 Individual reformers: 147
Overview 147
'All is in all':Jean Joseph Jacotot 150
The Rational Method of Claude Marcel 152
Thomas Prendergast's'Mastery System' 156
22 'The Labyrinth'from Thomas Prendergast's Mastery of Languages(1864). 160
Fran？ois Gouin and the'Series' 161
Introduction 169
13 The Reform Movement: 169
The principles of reform 171
The Klinghardt experiment 173
The role of phonetics 175
The work of Henry Sweet:an applied linguistic approach 179
23 Henry Sweet(1845-1912). 180
14 Natural methods of language teaching from Montaigne to Berlitz 192
24 Maximilian D.Berlitz(1852-1921). 203
15 The teaching of English as a foreign or second language since 1 900:a survey: 212
PART FOUR The making of a profession 212
SECTION 1 Overview of English language teaching since 1900 212
Laying the foundations(1900-1922) 213
Research and development(1922-1939) 214
Consolidation(1 945-1 960) 217
Change and variation since 1960 220
SECTION 2 Essays in the history of English language teaching since 1900 230
16 Harold E.Palmer: 230
Palmer's life and work 230
25 Harold E.Palmer (1877-1949). 231
Palmer's methodology 236
Michael West and the New Method 245
17 Choosing the right words: 245
26 West's lexical distribution patterns. 248
The Basic issue 250
Carnegie and after 255
A.S.Hornby and the post-war consensus 260
18 Old patterns and new directions: 260
27 A.S.Hornby (1898-1978). 261
The impact of applied linguistics 265
The notion of communication 273
Epilogue:On rational and natural approaches to language teaching 295
A chronology of English language teaching 298
Biographical notes 305
Appendix: 340
28 Title-page of Wilhelm Vi？tor's Der Sprachunterricht muss umkehren! 343
'Language teaching must start afresh!'A translation of Wilhelm Vi？tor's DerSprachunterricht muss umkehren! 343
Bibliography 364
Index 385