1 NUMBER SYSTEMS 1
1.1 Binary Number System 3
1.2 Binary to Decimal Conversion 4
1.3 Decimal to Binary Conversion 6
1.4 Octal Number System 9
1.5 Binary to Octal Conversion 11
1.6 Octal to Binary Conversion 12
1.7 Hexadecimal Number System 13
1.8 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion 14
1.9 Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion 15
1.10 Binary-Coded Decimal(BCD) 16
1.11 Binary Addition 20
1.12 Binary Subtraction 22
1.13 Troubleshooting a 4-Bit Adder 24
Digital Application 26
Summary 27
Questions and Problems 28
Lab 1A 7483 4-Bit Full Adder 30
Lab 1B 4008 4-Bit Full Adder 36
2 LOGIC GATES 41
2.1 Gates 43
2.2 Inverters 43
2.3 OR Gates 45
2.4 AND Gates 50
2.5 NAND Gates 55
2.6 NOR Gates 59
2.7 Data Control Enable/Inhibit 63
2.8 AND Gate Enable/Inhibit 63
2.9 NAND Gate Enable/Inhibit 64
2.10 OR Gate Enable/Inhibit 65
2.11 NOR Gate Enable/Inhibit 66
2.12 Summary Enable/Inhibit 67
2.15 Expanding an AND Gate 68
2.14 NOR as an Inverter 68
2.13 NAND as an Inverter 68
2.16 Expanding a NAND Gate 69
2.17 Expanding an OR Gate 69
2.18 Expanding a NOR Gate 69
2.19 Troubleshooting Gates 70
Digital Application 71
Summary 72
Questions and Problems 74
Lab 2A Gates 78
Lab 2B Gates 82
3 WAVEFORMS AND BOOLEAN ALGEBRA 85
3.1 Waveform Analysis 87
3.2 Delayed-Clock and Shift-Counter Waveforms 90
3.3 Combinational Logic 98
3.4 Boolean Theorems 100
3.5 DeMorgan s Theorems 107
3.6 Designing Logic Circuits 112
3.7 AND-OR-Invert Gates 123
3.8 Reducing Boolean Expressions Using Karnaugh Maps 126
3.9 Programmable Logic Devices 128
3.10 Troubleshooting Combinational Logic Circuits 132
Digital Application 134
Summary 135
Questions and Problems 137
Lab 3A Boolean Algebra 146
Lab 3B Logic Converter 150
4 EXCLUSIVE-OR GATES 153
4.1 Exclusive-OR 155
4.2 Enable/Inhibit 158
4.3 Waveform Analysis 159
4.4 Exclusive-NOR 160
4.5 Parity 162
4.6 Even-Parity Generator 164
4.7 Even/Odd-Parity Generator 166
4.8 Parity Checker 168
4.9 9-Bit Parity Generator/Checker 170
4.10 Comparator 175
4.11 Programmable Logic Devices 181
4.12 Troubleshooting Exclusive-OR Circuits 193
Digital Application 194
Summary 195
Questions and Problems 196
Lab 4A Exclusive-Or 200
Lab 4B Parity Generator/Checker 202
5 ADDERS 205
5.1 Half Adder 207
5.2 Full Adder 208
5.3 Binary 1 s Complement Subtraction 216
5.4 1 s Complement Adder/Subtractor Circuit 218
5.5 Binary 2 s Complement Subtraction 223
5.6 2 s Complement Adder/Subtractor Circuit 226
5.7 Signed 2 s Complement Numbers 232
5.8 Binary-Coded-Decimal Addition 238
5.9 Binary-Coded-Decimal Adder Circuit 240
5.10 Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU) 243
5.11 Programming a GAL 245
5.12 Troubleshooting Adder Circuits 252
Digital Application 254
Summary 254
Questions and Problems 256
Lab 5A Adders 260
Lab 5B Adder Circuits 262
6 SPECIFICATIONS AND OPEN-COLLECTOR GATES 265
6.1 TTL Subfamilies 267
6.2 TTL Electrical Characteristics 267
6.3 TTL Supply Currents 273
6.4 TTL Switching Characteristics 274
6.5 TTL Open-Collector Gates 278
6.6 Open-Collector Applications 280
6.7 CMOS 282
6.8 CMOS Subfamilies 282
6.9 CMOS Specifications 285
6.10 Interfacing TTL to CMOS 288
6.11 Low Voltage CMOS 291
6.12 Emitter Coupled Logic(ECL) 293
6.13 Interfacing ECL to Other Logic Families 295
6.14 Surface Mount Technology 296
6.15 GAL Specifications 298
6.16 Troubleshooting TTL and CMOS Devices 299
Digital Application 300
Summary 302
Questions and Problems 302
Lab 6A Specifications and Open-Collector Gates 304
Lab 6B Specifications and Open-Drain Inverters 307
7 FLIP-FLOPS 309
7.2 Crossed NAND SET-RESET Flip-Flops 311
7.1 Introduction to Flip-Flops 311
7.3 Crossed NOR SET-RESET Flip-Flops 313
7.4 Comparison of the Crossed NAND and the Crossed NOR SET-RESET Flip-Flops 315
7.5 Using a SET-RESET Flip-Flop as a Debounce Switch 316
7.6 The Gated SET-RESET Flip-Flop 317
7.7 The Transparent D Flip-Flop 319
7.8 The Master-Slave D Flip-Flop 322
7.10 SET-RESET NAND Gate Flip-Flops Using a PLD 328
7.9 The Pulse Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop 328
7.11 Troubleshooting a Digital Circuit 333
Digital Application 335
Summary 336
Questions and Problems 337
Lab 7A Flip-Flops 339
Lab 7B Flip-Flops 340
8 MASTER-SLAVE D AND JK FLIP-FLOPS 341
8.1 Toggling a Master-Slave D Flip-Flop 343
8.2 The JK Flip-Flop 344
8.3 The Nonoverlapping Clock 347
8.4 The Shift Counter 349
8.5 Typical JK Flip-Flop ICS 352
Making a Nonoverlapping Clock 353
Trouble Shooting JK Flip-Flops 358
Digital Application 361
Summary 362
Questions and Problems 362
Lab 8A Shift Counter and Delayed Clock 365
Lab 8B JK Flip-Flops 368
9 SHIFT REOSTFRS 369
9.1 Shift Register Constructed from JK Flip-Flops 371
9.2 Parallel and Serial Data 372
9.3 Parallel-In Serial-Out 373
9.4 Serial Data Transmission Formats 375
9.5 IC Shift Registers 379
9.6 Serial Data Standards 382
9.7 The ASCII Code 386
9.8 Making an 8-Bit Shift Register with an Asynchronous Clear from the GAL 16V8B Programmable Logic Device 388
9.9 Troubleshooting an RS-232C System 388
Digital Application 392
Summary 393
Questions and Problems 393
Lab 9A Shift Registers 395
Lab 9B Shift Registers 403
10 COUNTERS 405
10.1 The Ripple Counter 407
10.2 The Decode-and-Clear Method of Making a Divide-By-N Ripple Counter 408
10.3 The Divide-By-N Synchronous Counter 410
10.4 Presettable Counters 414
10.5 The Up-Down Counter 416
10.6 Typical MSI Counter ICs 419
10.7 The Divide-By-N？ Counter 425
10.8 Making a Divide-by-16 Synchronous Counter 426
10.9 Troubleshooting Counters 427
Digital Application 430
Summary 431
Questions and Problems 432
Lab 10A Counters 434
Lab 10B Counters 437
11 SCHMITT-TRIGGER INPUTS AND CLOCKS 439
11.1 The Schmitt-Trigger Input 441
11.2 Using a Schmitt Trigger to Square Up an Irregular Wave 441
11.3 A Schmitt-Trigger Clock 442
11.4 The 555 Timer Used as a Clock 445
11.5 Crystal Oscillators 451
11.6 Troubleshooting Clock Circuits 452
Digital Application 454
Summary 455
Questions and Problems 456
Lab 11A Schmitt Triggers and Clocks 459
Lab 11B Clocks 461
12 ONE-SHOTS 463
12.1 A One-Shot Debounce Switch 465
12.2 The Pulse Stretcher 465
12.3 The Retriggerable One-Shot 467
12.4 The Nonretriggerable One-Shot 469
12.5 The 555 as a One-Shot 470
12.6 The 74121 and 741S122 471
12.7 The Data Separator 473
12.8 Troubleshooting One-Shots 475
Digital Application 477
Summary 478
Questions and Problems 478
Lab 12A One-Shots 481
Lab 12B One-Shots 483
13 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG AND ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSIONS 485
13.1 Resistor Networks for Digital-to-Analog Conversion 487
13.2 The TTL Digital-to-Analog Converter 491
13.3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion Using Voltage Comparators 494
13.4 The Count-Up and Compare Analog-to-Digital Converter 496
13.5 The Successive Approximation Analog-to-Digital Converter 498
13.6 The DAC0830 Digital-to-Analog Converter Integrated Circuit 502
13.7 Making the Logic for a 3-Bit Voltage Comparator Analog-to-Digital Converter 505
13.8 Troubleshooting Digital-to-Analog Converters 506
Digital Application 509
Summary 511
Questions and Problems 511
Lab 14A Digital-to-Analog and Analog-to-Digital 513
Lab 14B Analog-to-Digital Converters 515
14 DECODERS,MULTIPLEXERS,DEMULTIPLEXERS,AND DISPLAYS 517
14.1 Decoders 519
14.2 Demultiplexers 521
14.4 Using a Multiplexer to Reproduce a Desired Truth Table 522
14.3 Multiplexers 522
14.5 Multiplexer and Demultiplexer ICs 525
14.6 The 8-Trace Oscilloscope Multiplexer 528
14.7 The Light-Emitting Diode 530
14.8 The Seven-Segment Display 532
14.9 The Liquid Crystal Display 536
14.10 Making a 3-to-8 Decoder from the GAL 16V8B Programmable Logic Device 539
14.11 Troubleshooting Decoders 543
Digital Application 545
Summary 546
Questions and Problems 547
Lab 14a Multiplexers,LEDs,and Seven-Segment Displays 549
Lab 14B LEDs 553
15 TRI-STATE GATES AND INTERFACING TO HIGH CURRENT 555
15.1 Tri-State Gates 557
15.2 Tri-State Inverters and Buffers 559
15.3 Computer Buses and the Tri-State Gate 562
15.4 Buffering to High Current and High Voltage 564
15.5 Multiplexing Seven-Segment LED Displays 567
15.6 Isolating One Circuit from Another with Optocouplers 569
15.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor(IGBT) 570
15.8 Troubleshooting High-Current Digital Circuits 572
Digital Application 573
Summary 574
Questions and Problems 575
Lab 15A Tri-State Gates 577
Lab 15B High-Current Interface 578
16 MEMORIES AND INTRODUCTION TO MICROCOMPUTERS 579
16.1 The Microcomputer and Its Parts 581
16.2 The Central Processing Unit 581
16.3 Computer Memory 584
16.4 ROM 585
16.5 PROM 586
16.6 EPROM 586
16.7 EEPROM 591
16.8 Static RAM 592
16.9 Dynamic RAM 593
16.10 The Input/Output of the Computer 597
16.11 The Program 600
16.12 The Microcontroller 602
Digital Application 604
Summary 606
Questions and Problems 606
Lab 16 RAM 608
Appendixes 611
A Lab Trainer Plans 613
B Equipment Needed 617
C Pinouts 619
D NAND Gates,MOS,and CMOS 627
Glossary 633
Answers to Self-Check and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems 643
Index 717