Preface 1
Thefundamentalprinciplesofcriminalliability-Humanrightsact1998- 3
-Furtherreading 3
offences-Evidentialandlegalburdensofproof-ThedraftCriminalCode 3
criminallaw-Theinterpretationofcriminalstatutes-Classificationof 3
Attempteddefinitionsofacrime-Differencesbetweencriminalandcivil 3
law-Hierarchyofthecriminalcourts:theappealsystem-Precedentin 3
1 INTRODUCTIONTOCRIMINALLAW 3
Acknowledgements 3
Tableofcases 4
PART1·PRELIMINARYMATTERS 21
Tableof statutes 21
2MURDERANDINTENT 37
Generalintroduction-Causationinmurderandmanslaughter-Mensrea- 37
Provocation-Conclusion-Furtherreading 37
PART2·GENERALPRINCIPLES 101
damageproperty-Furtherreading 101
ofanythingwithintenttodestroyordamage-Threatstodestroyor 101
Introduction-Actusreus-Thedefenceoflawfulexcuse(s5)-Mensrea- 101
3CRIMINALDAMAGEANDRECKLESSNESS 101
Creatingadangeroussituationandnotdealingwithit-Custodyorcontrol 101
4ACTUSREUS 127
Introduction-Someproblems- Conduct and result crimes-Thedraft 127
CriminalCodeandactusreus-Omission-Causationinomissions-The 127
policybehindgeneralnon-liabilityforomissions-Reformofliabilityfor 127
omissions-Furtherreading 127
Knowingly - Wilfully -Negligence-Someproblemsofmensrea- 145
Transferredmalice-Contemporaneity-Furtherreading 145
Introduction-Definitionsofmensrea-Examplesofmensrea-Motive- 145
5MENSREA 145
6STRICTLIABILITY 165
Strictandabsoluteoffences-Theexceptionalcases-Strictliability:the 165
basics-Crimeswhichrequiremensreaandcrimeswhichdonot-Howthe 165
courtsapplytheseguidelines-Reasonsforstrictliability-Reasonswhy 165
thereshouldnotbeoffencesofstrictliability-Suggestionsforreformofthelawrelatingtostrictliability-Conclusions-Furtherreading 165
compoundinganarrestableoffence-Furtherreading 191
victim beanaccessory?-Innocentagency-Withdrawal-Proposals 191
forreform:encouragingandassistingcrime-Assistinganoffenderand 191
Introduction-Definitionsandterminology-Failuretoact-Mensrea- 191
7PRINCIPALPARTIESANDSECONDARYOFFENDERS 191
Jointenterpriseliability-Non-convictionoftheprincipaloffender-Cana 191
8VICARIOUSANDCORPORATELIABILITY 223
Introductiontovicariousliability-Theexceptions-Vicariousliabilityand 223
attempts:vicariousliabilityandsecondaryparticipation-Therationaleof 223
vicariousliability-ThedraftCriminalCode-Corporateliability-Furtherreading 223
9INFANCY,DURESS,COERCION,NECESSITY,DURESSOFCIRCUMSTANCES 247
Introduction-Justificationandexcuse-Infancy-Duress-Coercion- 247
Necessityandduressofcircumstances-Furtherreading 247
Conclusion-Furtherreading 285
10MISTAKE,INTOXICATION,SELF-DEFENCE 285
Mistake-Intoxication-Self-defenceandthepreventionofcrime- 285
11DEFENCESOFMENTALDISORDER 335
Introduction-Unfitnesstoplead-Insanity-Diminishedresponsibility- 335
Automatism-Furtherreading 335
12INCHOATEOFFENCES 369
Incitement-Conspiracy-Attempt-Furtherreading 369
PART3·PARTICULAROFFENCES 369
13THEFT,ROBBERY,PICTURESATANEXHIBITION,TAKING 369
Furtherreading 411
exhibition-Takingwithoutconsent-Abstractionofelectricity-Reform- 411
WITHOUTCONSENT,ABSTRACTINGELECTRICITY 411
IntroductiontotheTheftAct1968-Theft-Robbery-Picturesatan 411
14OBTAININGBYDECEPTION,MAKINGOFFWITHOUTPAYMENT 463
Introduction-TheftActs1968and1978:commonelements-Theft 463
Act1978-Overlapamongtheseoffences-Reform-Furtherreading 463
15BLACKMAIL,BURGLARY,GOINGEQUIPPED,HANDLING 489
Blackmail-Burglary-Goingequipped-Handling-Reform-Furtherreading 489
manslaughter-Killinginpursuanceofasuicidepact-Reformof 511
manslaughter-Conclusion-Furtherreading 511
Introduction-Killingbygrossnegligence-Unlawfulactorconstructive 511
16MANSLAUGHTER 511
17NON-FATALOFFENCES 531
Introduction-Assault-Threattokill-Battery-Reformofassaultand 531
battery-Consent-Reformofconsentandotherdefencestoassaultand 531
battery-Assaultoccasioningactualbodilyharm-Woundingandgrievous 531
bodilyharm-Possessinganythingwithintenttocommitanoffenceunder 531
theOAPA-Reformofss18,20and47-The1993recommendationson 531
assaults-The1998HomeOfficeproposals-Furtherreading 531
18RAPE,INDECENTASSAULT,BIGAMY 565
Rape-Indecentassault-Bigamy-FurtherreadingIndex 587