Unit 1 Gas Discharge Phenomena 1
1.1 Classification of Discharges 1
1.2 Current-voltage Characteristics of DC Discharge 2
1.2.1 Non-self-sustaining Discharge 3
1.2.2 Townsend Discharge 3
1.2.3 Glow Discharge 4
1.2.4 Transition to Arc Discharge 5
1.3 Townsend Breakdown 5
1.4 Production and Loss of Charges in a Gas 8
Unit 2 Non-Destructive High-voltage Tests 12
2.1 Loss in a Dielectric 12
2.2 Measurement of the Conduction Current for Direct Voltage 13
2.3 Measurement of the Dissipation Factor for Alternating Voltage 14
2.3.1 Dielectric Loss and Equivalent Circuits 14
2.3.2 Measurement with the Schering Bridge 16
2.4 Measurement of Partial Discharges at Alternating Voltages 17
2.4.1 External Partial Discharges 18
2.4.2 Internal Partial Discharges 20
Unit 3 Liquid and Composite Dielectrics 23
3.1 Liquid Characteristics 23
3.2 Solid Dielectrics 23
3.3 Composites 24
3.4 Estimation and Control of Electrical 24
3.5 Electric Fields 26
3.6 Uniform and Non-Uniform Electric Fields 26
3.7 Estimation of Electric Field in Some Geometric Boundaries 27
3.7.1 Parallel Plates 27
3.7.2 Concentric Cylinders 28
3.7.3 Parallel Cylinders of Equal Diameter 28
3.8 Surge Voltages,Their Distribution And Control 28
Unit 4 Breakdown in Air Gaps with Solid Insulating Barrier under Impulse Voltage Stress 31
4.1 Introduction 31
4.2 The First Approach for the Understanding of the Barrier Effect 32
4.3 Barriers with Opening 35
4.4 In Depth Investigation of the Breakdown Process 37
4.5 Quantitative Analysis of Spaces Charges 39
4.6 Flashover Around the Barrier without Penetration 41
4.7 Barrier Effect in Symmetric Fields 42
4.8 Investigations with Other Types of Voltages 43
4.9 Conclusions 44
Unit 5 Specialized Knowledge of Cables 46
5.1 Material Technology 46
5.2 Conductor and Insulation Screens 47
5.3 Cable Design 49
5.4 Manufacturing 50
5.5 Installation Design 51
5.6 Joints/Terminations 54
5.7 Minute Step Voltage Test 56
Unit 6 Treeing Phenomena of XLPE Cable 58
6.1 Introduction 58
6.2 Failures of XLPE Cable 58
6.3 Treeing Phenomena in XLPE Cables 60
6.4 Electrical Trees and Mechanisms 60
6.5 Water Trees and Mechanisms 62
Unit 7 Specialized Knowledge of Power Transformers 65
7.1 Features 65
7.2 Core 66
7.3 Winding 68
7.3.1 Hisercap Disk Winding(Interleaved Disk Winding) 68
7.3.2 Continuous Disk Winding 68
7.3.3 Helical Coil 69
7.4 Insulation Structure 70
7.5 Prevention of Internal Partial Discharge and Insulation 71
7.5.1 Treatment 71
7.5.2 Drying/Oil Filling Treatment 72
7.5.3 Removing Voids 72
7.5.4 Electric Field Control 72
7.5.5 Dust Control 73
7.6 Measures against Leakage Flux 73
7.7 Tank 74
7.8 Cooling System 75
7.8.1 Self-cooled Type 75
7.8.2 Air-cooled-air-cooled 76
7.8.3 Forced-oil,Forced-air-cooled Type 76
7.8.4 Forced-oil,Water-cooled Type 77
7.9 Accessories 78
7.9.1 Oil Preservation System 78
7.9.2 Diaphragm-type Oil Preservation System(Type OH-D) 78
7.9.3 Dehydrating Breather(Types FG,FP,FS) 79
7.9.4 Dial Oil Level Indicator 79
7.9.5 Protective Relays 80
7.9.6 Buchholtz Relay 80
7.9.7 Liquid Temperature Indicator 81
7.9.8 Winding Temperature Indicator Relay 81
7.9.9 Pressure Relief Device 82
7.10 Low-noise Transformer 84
7.11 Construction of Cable Connection and GIS 86
7.11.1 Connection Cable Connection 86
7.11.2 GIS(Gas Insulated Switchgear) Connection 86
7.11.3 Transportation 87
Unit 8 Investigation of Sub-Nanosecond Breakdown through Computational Methods 90
8.1 Introduction 90
8.2 Background Theory and Prior Research 91
8.2.1 Background Discharge Regimes in Pulsed Breakdown 91
8.2.2 Townsend Regime 91
8.2.3 Streamer Regime 92
8.2.4 Post Streamer Regime 93
8.3 Physical Processes in Picosecond Breakdown 94
8.3.1 Field Emission 94
8.3.2 Electron-Neutral Collisions 96
8.3.3 Runaway Electrons 97
8.3.4 Explosive Electron Emission 99
8.4 Recent Research Efforts 100
Unit 9 Numerical Simulation of Gas Discharge 106
9.1 Governing Equations 106
9.1.1 Two-Fluid Theory 107
9.1.2 Coefficients 110
9.1.3 Boundary Conditions 111
9.2 Model Equations in Dimensionless Form 112
9.2.1 Numerical Approach and Results 113
9.2.2 Grid and Discretization 113
9.2.3 θ-Method 115
9.2.4 Time Step and Iteration 116
9.2.5 Boundary Conditions and Error 117
9.3 One Dimensional Model 117
9.3.1 Thomas Algorithm and Results 120
9.3.2 Two Dimensional Model 123
9.3.3 Successive Over Relaxation Method 126
9.3.4 Results 127
9.3.5 Convergence 127
9.4 Dynamic Characteristics of SF6-N2-CO2 Gas Mixtures in DC Discharge Process 128
9.4.1 The Hybrid Computing Model 129
9.4.2 Development of the Avalanche and Streamer 132
9.4.3 Spatial Electric Field and Electron Velocity 134
9.4.4 Influence of Photoionization 135
Unit 10 Pattern Dynamics in a Two-dimensional Gas Discharge System 139
10.1 Introduction 139
10.2 Experiment 140
10.3 Model 141
10.3.1 Assumption 141
10.3.2 Specific Model 142
10.3.3 Constraint for the Constant Total Charge 144
10.3.4 Flowing Charge Density 145
10.3.5 Parameter Setting 145
10.4 Phenomena 146
10.4.1 Preparation:Behavior of Each Element Under the Global Constraint 146
10.4.2 Global Phase Diagram 147
10.4.3 DS Phase 148
10.4.4 LS Phase 149
10.4.5 Moving Spot Phase 155
10.5 Summary and Discussion 159
10.5.1 Summary 159
10.5.2 Comparison with the Experiment by Nasuno 160
10.5.3 Discussion 160
附录1 高电压技术常用词汇中英文对照 162
附录2 绝缘介质电特性中英文对照 169
附录3 美国工程索引（EI）对文摘的要求 176
参考文献 180