Chapter One Introduction 1
1.1 Rationale for the Study 2
1.2 Objectives of the Study 5
1.3 Methodology of the Study 7
1.4 Scope and Layout of the Study 8
Chapter Two Literature Review 11
2.1 Opposing Attitudes toward Metaphor in History 11
2.2 Locating Metaphor 13
2.2.1 Rhetorical Study of Metaphor 13
2.2.2 Semantic Study of Metaphor 18
2.2.3 Multidisciplinary Study of Metaphor 22
2.2.4 Summary 30
2.3 Overview of the Researches on Metaphor's Effectiveness and Some Related Topics 31
2.3.1 Researches on Metaphor's Effectiveness in General 31
2.3.2 Researches on Metaphor's Functions in Linguistic Communication 35
2.3.3 Summary 40
Chapter Three Theoretical Preliminaries 42
3.1 Linguistic and Conceptual Metaphors 42
3.2 Conventional and Novel Metaphors 44
3.3 Origin of Novel Metaphors 48
3.4 Paraphrasability of Novel Metaphors 55
Chapter Four Novel Metaphors'Effectiveness in General Terms—A Pragmatic Account 59
4.1 Introduction of Leech's Framework and the Expressivity Principle 59
4.2 Effectiveness of Novel Metaphors 63
4.2.1 Efficiency in Message Encoding and Decoding 64
4.2.2 Effects Gained in Linguistic Communication 69
4.3 Summary 81
Chapter Five Novel Metaphors'Codec Effectiveness—A Pragmatic Account 82
5.1 A Pragmatic Account 82
5.1.1 Application of the Expressivity Principle 82
5.1.2 Revision of the Expressivity Principle（Sub-maxim 1 of the“Metaphor Maxim”） 85
5.2 Mechanism for Novel Metaphors'Codec Effectiveness 86
5.3 A Paradox 89
5.4 Application of Novel Metaphors'Codec Effectiveness 98
5.4.1 Pedagogic Value 98
5.4.2 Value in Other Areas 99
5.5 Summary 104
Chapter Six Novel Metaphors'Aesthetic Effectiveness—A Pragma-psychological Account 105
6.1 A Pragmatic Account—Sub-maxim 2 of the“Metaphor Maxim” 105
6.2 Mechanism for Novel Metaphors'Aesthetic Effectiveness 105
6.2.1 A Pragmatic Perspective—Poetic Effect 106
6.2.2 A Psychological Perspective 115
6.3 Application of Novel Metaphors'Aesthetic Effectiveness 126
6.4 Summary 131
Chapter Seven Novel Metaphors'Affective Effectiveness—A Pragma-psychological Account 132
7.1 A Pragmatic Account—Sub-maxim 3 of the“Metaphor Maxim” 132
7.2 A Psychological Account 132
7.2.1 Affect 133
7.2.2 Novel Metaphors'Affective Effectiveness 133
7.2.3 Mechanism for Novel Metaphors'Affective Effectiveness 136
7.3 Application of Novel Metaphors'Affective Effectiveness 143
7.4 Summary 144
Chapter Eight Novel Metaphors'Interpersonal Effectiveness—A Pragmatic Account 145
8.1 A Pragmatic Account 145
8.1.1 A Brief Introduction of Leech's Interpersonal Rhetoric 145
8.1.2 Application of the Politeness Principle within the Interpersonal Rhetoric 146
8.1.3 Revision of the Interpersonal Rhetoric 147
8.2 Mechanism for Novel Metaphors'Interpersonal Effectiveness and Its Application 148
8.2.1 Mechanism for Novel Metaphors'Interpersonal Effectiveness 148
8.2.2 Application of Novel Metaphors'Interpersonal Effectiveness 150
8.3 Summary 151
Chapter Nine Conclusion 152
9.1 Summary of the Study 152
9.2 Implications of the Study 156
9.3 Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for Further Study 160
References 162