Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Historic development 1
1.2 Structural materials and structural design 2
1.3 Physical properties 3
1.3.1 Density，apparent density and packing density of matter 4
1.3.1.1 Density 4
1.3.1.2 Apparent density 4
1.3.1.3 Packing density 4
1.3.2 Porosity and void percentage 5
1.3.2.1 Porosity 5
1.3.2.2 Void percentage 6
1.3.3 Physical properties relevant to water 6
1.3.3.1 Hydrophilicity and hydrophobility 6
1.3.3.2 Water adsorption 7
1.3.3.3 Hygroscopicity 7
1.3.3.4 Water resistance（coefficient of softening） 7
1.3.3.5 Water impermeability 7
1.3.3.6 Frost resistance 8
1.3.4 Physical properties relevant to thermal effects 8
1.3.4.1 Thermal conductivity 8
1.3.4.2 Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity 8
1.3.4.3 Thermal expansion 9
1.3.4.4 Fire resistance and refractoriness 9
1.4 Chemical properties 10
1.4.1 Reactivity 10
1.4.2 Activation energy 10
1.5 Principles in the selection of materials 11
1.6 Innovations and development trends in construction materials 12
1.6.1 Functional materials 12
1.6.1.1 Cement-based piezoelectric materials 12
1.6.1.2 Thin-walled low frequency sound shielding material 15
1.6.1.3 Controllable heat insulation building products with phase changing materials（PCM） 15
1.6.1.4 Electromagnetic wave shielding and absorbing materials 17
1.6.2 Sustainability:Eco-friendly material development 20
1.6.2.1 Recycle and reuse of industry waste 20
1.6.2.2 New binders-energy efficient materials with less CO2 23
1.6.3 Multiple disciplinary integrated materials 24
1.6.3.1 Nanotechnology in construction 24
1.6.3.2 Dynamic shading window system（DSWS） 26
1.6.3.3 Self-compacting concrete（SCC） 27
Discussion topics 28
References 28
Chapter 2 Mechanical behavior of materials 32
2.1 Material behavior and structural performance 32
2.2 Elastic behavior 34
2.2.1 Introduction 34
2.2.2 Physical basis of elastic behavior 34
2.2.3 Young's Modulus:definition,typical values and significance to structural design 35
2.2.4 Modulus of composite materials and application to reinforced concrete member 36
2.3 Plastic behavior 38
2.3.1 Phenomenon of plastic yielding 38
2.3.2 Physical basis of plastic behavior 40
2.3.3 Modeling of plastic behavior 41
2.3.4 Illustration of plastic behavior with a parallel system 42
2.4 Time dependent behavior—Creep 44
2.4.1 Phenomenon of time dependent behavior 44
2.4.2 Implications to structural design 44
2.4.3 Physical basis of time dependent behavior 45
2.4.4 Modeling of creep at low temperature with viscoelastic models 46
2.4.5 Strain response under arbitrary stress history—superposition 49
2.5 Fracture 49
2.5.1 Introduction 49
2.5.2 Fast fracture:physical basis and modeling 50
2.5.3 Ductile to brittle failure transition of metal 53
2.5.4 Fatigue—phenomenon and empirical expressions 54
2.5.5 Physical basis of fatigue and K-based modeling 57
Discussion topics 58
Problems 59
References 62
Chapter 3 Aggregates 63
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Classification of aggregate 63
3.3 Aggregates produced from industrial waste 66
3.3.1 B1ast furnace slag aggregate 67
3.3.2 Aggregates from recycled concrete 67
3.4 Properties of aggregates 68
3.4.1 Density of aggregate 68
3.4.2 Moisture conditions 69
3.5 Grading 70
3.5.1 Definition 70
3.5.2 Determination of the grading 71
3.5.3 Fineness modulus 72
3.5.4 Fineness modulus for blending of aggregates 73
3.6 Shape and surface texture 73
3.7 Deleterious substances 74
3.8 Soundness 75
Discussion topics 76
Problems 76
References 77
Chapter 4 Binder materials 78
4.1 Organic binders 78
4.1.1 Asphalt 78
4.1.1.1 Introduction 78
4.1.1.2 Manufacture 78
4.1.1.3 Composition of asphalt 80
4.1.1.4 Properties of asphalt 81
4.1.1.5 Application 82
4.1.2 Polymers 83
4.1.2.1 Introduction 83
4.1.2.2 Composite and manufacture 83
4.1.2.3 Composite properties 84
4.1.2.4 Installation procedures for FRP application 84
4.1.2.5 Applications of FRP 85
4.2 Inorganic binders 85
4.2.1 Lime 85
4.2.1.1 Introduction 85
4.2.1.2 Classification 86
4.2.1.3 Manufacture 86
4.2.2 Gypsum 90
4.2.2.1 Introduction 90
4.2.2.2 Manufacture 91
4.2.2.3 C1assification 92
4.2.2.4 Application 92
4.2.3 Water glass 93
4.2.3.1 Introduction 93
4.2.3.2 Properties 93
4.2.3.3 Application 93
4.2.4 Portland cement 93
4.2.4.1 Manufacture 94
4.2.4.2 Chemical composition 99
4.2.4.3 Hydration 100
4.2.4.4 Type of Portland cement 113
4.2.4.5 Properties of Portland cement 116
Discussion topics 120
References 121
Chapter 5 Concrete 123
5.1 Introduction 123
5.1.1 Historic development 123
5.1.2 The applications of Portland cement concrete 124
5.1.3 Characteristics of concrete 126
5.1.3.1 Advantages of concrete 126
5.1.3.2 Limitations 128
5.1.4 Types of concrete 130
5.1.4.1 Classification in accordance with unit weight 130
5.1.4.2 Classification in accordance with compressive strength 130
5.1.4.3 Classification in accordance with additives 131
5.1.5 Factors influencing concrete properties 131
5.1.5.1 w/c ratio（or w/b or w/p ratio） 131
5.1.5.2 Cement content 132
5.1.5.3 Aggregate 132
5.1.5.4 Admixtures 133
5.1.5.5 Mixing procedures 133
5.1.5.6 Curing 134
5.2 Admixtures used for making concretes 134
5.2.1 Definition and classifications 135
5.2.2 Chemical admixtures 136
5.2.2.1 Water reducing admixtures 136
5.2.2.2 Setting control admixtures 137
5.2.3 Air-entraining admixtures 139
5.2.4 Mineral admixtures 142
5.3 Three-phase theory for concrete 146
5.3.1 Concept of the third phase—transition zone 146
5.3.2 Structure of the transition zone 148
5.3.3 Influence of the transition zone on properties of concrete 148
5.4 Fresh concrete 150
5.4.1 Definition 150
5.4.2 Workability 150
5.4.3 Measurement of workability 154
5.4.4 Setting of concrete 158
5.4.5 Placing,compacting and curing 159
5.4.5.1 Delivery of concrete 160
5.4.5.2 Placing of concrete 160
5.4.5.3 Compacting and finishing 161
5.4.5.4 Curing 161
5.5 Hardened concrete 163
5.5.1 Strength of hardened concrete 163
5.5.1.1 Control methods for strength test 164
5.5.1.2 Calibration of transducers 165
5.5.1.3 Compressive strength and corresponding tests 166
5.5.1.3.1 Failure mechanism 166
5.5.1.3.2 Specimen preparation for compression test 167
5.5.1.3.3 Factors affecting the measured compressive strength 167
5.5.1.4 Uniaxial tensile strength and corresponding tests 169
5.5.1.4.1 Failure mechanism 170
5.5.1.4.2 Stress concentration factor 170
5.5.1.4.3 Relationship between the compressive strength and tensile strength 170
5.5.1.4.4 Indirect tension test（split cylinder test or Brazilian test） 171
5.5.1.5 Flexural strength and corresponding tests 172
5.5.1.6 Behavior of concrete under multi-axial stresses 173
5.5.1.6.1 Behavior under biaxial stress 173
5.5.1.6.2 Behavior of concrete under triaxial stress 174
5.5.1.7 Fatigue strength of concrete 175
5.5.2 Stress-strain relationship and constitutive equations 177
5.5.2.1 Method to obtain a stress-strain（deformation）curves 177
5.5.2.2 Modulus of elasticity 179
5.5.3 Dimensional stability-shrinkage and creep 181
5.5.3.1 Shrinkage 181
5.5.3.1.1 Plastic shrinkage 181
5.5.3.1.2 Autogenous shrinkage 182
5.5.3.1.3 Drying shrinkage 183
5.5.3.2 Creep 186
5.5.3.2.1 Phenomenon of creep 186
5.5.3.2.2 Influence of creep on reinforced concrete 187
5.5.3.2.3 Mechanism of creep in concrete 188
5.5.3.2.4 Importance of applied stress level to creep 189
5.5.3.2.5 ACI equation for predicting creep 189
5.5.3.3 Test method for creep 190
5.5.3.4 Other important factors affecting shrinkage and creep 190
5.5.4 Durability 191
5.5.4.1 Causes of deterioration and main durability problems 192
5.5.4.2 Basic factors influencing the durability 193
5.5.4.3 Measurement of permeability coefficient 195
5.5.4.4 Measurement of diffusivity coefficient 197
5.5.4.5 Cracks in concrete 199
5.5.4.6 Corrosion of reinforcing steel 200
5.5.4.6.1 Carbonation-induced corrosion 200
5.5.4.6.2 Chloride-induced corrosion 202
5.5.4.6.3 Corrosion mechanisms 204
5.5.4.7 Alkali-aggregate reaction 210
5.5.4.8 Deterioration caused by Freeze-thaw 214
5.5.4.9 Degradation caused by sulfate attack 216
5.5.4.10 Durability in marine environment 220
5.5.4.11 Deterioration of concrete caused by multi-factors 222
Discussion topics 223
Problems 225
References 226
Chapter 6 Steel 231
6.1 Classification 231
6.2 The manufacture and strengthening of steel 232
6.2.1 Cold and hot working 233
6.2.2 Heat treatment 234
6.2.3 Surface treatment 235
6.3 Structure and properties of steel 236
6.3.1 Structure of steel 236
6.3.2 Mechanical properties of steel 236
6.3.3 Relationship of steel properties to composition and manufacturing process 239
6.3.4 Effect of alloying elements 242
6.3.5 Failure of steel under multiaxial stress 243
6.4 Steel welding and associated problems 245
6.4.1 Embrittlement due to martensite formation 245
6.4.2 Lamellar tearing 246
6.5 Corrosion protection of steel 247
6.5.1 Mechanisms of steel corrosion 247
6.5.2 Corrosion protection with paint/coatings 248
6.5.3 Cathodic protection 248
6.5.4 Designs to minimize the potential of corrosion 249
6.6 Application and recycling of steel 250
6.6.1 Application 250
6.6.2 Recycling 250
Discussion topics 251
Problems 251
References 253
Chapter 7 Fiber reinforced polymer composites 254
7.1 Introduction 254
7.2 Advantages of fiber reinforced composite and general applications 254
7.3 Raw materials and processing techniques 256
7.3.1 Polymer matrix 256
7.3.2 Fibers 257
7.3.3 Processing of fiber reinforced polymeric composites 259
7.4 Behavior of aligned continuous fiber composites 260
7.4.1 Elastic properties 261
7.4.2 Micromechanical equations for the elastic properties 263
7.4.3 Composite strength 264
7.5 Application of fiber reinforced composites in civil engineering 265
7.5.1 Glass fiber reinforced polymer bars for concrete structures 265
7.5.2 Strengthening of concrete structures with carbon fiber reinforced polymer 267
7.5.3 Fiber reinforced polymer components for buildings and bridges 269
Discussion topics 271
Problems 272
References 272
Chapter 8 Wood 273
8.1 Introduction 273
8.2 Structure of wood 274
8.3 Properties of wood 276
8.3.1 Physical properties 276
8.3.2 Elastic properties 277
8.3.3 Strength and toughness of wood 278
8.3.4 Time dependency of wood properties 280
8.3.5 Behavior of wood in a fire 281
8.4 Grading of wood 281
8.5 Wood products 282
8.6 Wood degradation and protection 284
Discussion topics 284
References 285
Chapter 9 Pavement materials 286
9.1 Introduction 286
9.1.1 Pavement types 286
9.1.2 Bitumen materials 288
9.1.3 Quality control of underlying soil（subgrade） 289
9.2 Petroleum asphalt 290
9.2.1 Original asphalt 290
9.2.2 Modified asphalt using polymers 291
9.3 Asphalt concrete 293
9.4 Testing of asphalt properties 295
9.5 Design of asphalt mixture 295
Discussion topics 299
References 299
Chapter 10 Major non-structural materials 300
10.1 Partitions 300
10.1.1 Brick partitions 300
10.1.2 Glass partitions 301
10.1.3 Concrete partitions 301
10.1.4 Fibre cement sheet partitions 302
10.1.5 Timber partitions 303
10.2 Decoration materials 303
10.2.1 Coatings 303
10.2.2 Paint 304
10.2.3 Tiles 304
10.2.3.1 Roof tiles 305
10.2.3.2 Floor tiles 305
10.2.3.3 Ceiling tiles 306
10.2.4 Glass 306
10.2.4.1 Glass composition 306
10.2.4.2 Color of glass 307
10.3 Function materials 307
10.3.1 Waterproofing 307
10.3.2 Fireproofing 308
10.3.3 Soundproofing 309
10.3.4 Building insulation materials 310
10.3.4.1 Spray foam insulation 311
10.3.4.2 Insulating concrete forms 311
10.3.4.3 Rigid panels 312
10.3.4.4 Batts 313
10.3.4.5 Loose-fill insulation 313
10.3.4.6 Aerogels 314
10.3.4.7 Straw bales 315
10.3.5 Sealants 316
Discussion topics 317
References 317
Construction Materials Laboratory 319
Laboratory Ⅰ:Aggregate 319
Laboratory Ⅱ:Cement 323
Laboratory Ⅲ:Fresh concrete 327
Laboratory Ⅳ:Testing methods of mechanical properties of ordinary concrete（GB/T 50081—2002） 329
Laboratory Ⅴ:Two demo tests 331
Laboratory Ⅵ:Hardened concrete tests（28 day properties） 334
Laboratory Ⅶ:Non-contact resistivity measurement:a demonstration 338
Index 340