CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Motivation 2
1.2 Significance of the Study 4
1.3 Outline of the Book 6
CHAPTER 2 TYPOLOGICAL UNⅣERSALS,MARKEDNESS AND RELATIVE CLAUSES 8
2.1 Interlanguage Theory 8
2.2 Linguistic Universals and Second Language Acquisition 9
2.2.1 Typological universals and Universal Grammar 9
2.2.2 Typological universals and second language acquisition 11
2.3 Typological Markedness and English Relative Clauses 12
2.3.1 Typological markedness 12
2.3.2 Relative clause 21
2.3.3 Accessibility Hierarchy and English relative clauses 27
CHAPTER 3 RELATIVE CLAUSE ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING 33
3.1 Research on Accessibility and Relative Clauses 33
3.1.1 Research on avoidance of English relative clauses 33
3.1.2 Research on learning difficulties of English relative clauses 36
3.2 Research on Accessibility,Embeddedness and Relative Clauses 37
3.3 Research on Accessibility,Animacy and Relative Clauses 40
3.4 Interim Summary and Evaluation 42
CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 45
4.1 Objectives and Research Questions 45
4.2 General Research Design 46
4.3 Corpus-based Study 48
4.3.1 Introduction to corpora 48
4.3.2 Data retrieval 49
4.3.3 Data coding 49
4.4 Experimental Studies 52
4.4.1 Participants 52
4.4.2 Instrumentation 52
4.4.3 Data collection and treatment 55
CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 58
5.1 Corpus-based Study 58
5.1.1 Accessibility 58
5.1.2 Accessibility and embeddedness 61
5.1.3 Accessibility and animacy 68
5.1.4 Interim summary 77
5.2 Experimental Studies 79
5.2.1 Experiment 1：accessibility 79
5.2.2 Experiment 2：accessibility and embeddedness 83
5.2.3 Experiment 3：accessibility and animacy 89
5.2.4 Interim summary 94
CHAPTER 6 GENERAL DISCUSSION 96
6.1 The Role of Accessibility 96
6.1.1 Filler-gap domain 97
6.1.2 Word order 99
6.1.3 Perspective shift 100
6.1.4 Conjoined-clause analysis 101
6.1.5 Other accounts 102
6.1.6 Interim summary 102
6.2 Accessibility and Embeddedness 104
6.2.1 The role of embeddedness 104
6.2.2 The relationship between accessibility and embeddedness 106
6.3 Accessibility and Animacy 109
6.3.1 The role of animacy 109
6.3.2 The relationship between accessibility and animacy 112
6.4 Typological Studies and SLA Research 116
6.4.1 The correspondence between typology and SLA 116
6.4.2 The contribution from SLA to typology 118
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK 122
7.1 Summary 122
7.2 Implications 124
7.2.1 Theoretical implications 124
7.2.2 Pedagogical implications 126
7.3 Limitations and Extensions 127
APPENDICES 130
Appendix Ⅰ Experiment 1 130
Exl 1 Sentence completion test 130
Exl 2 Sentence combination test 130
Exl.3 Sentence combination test 131
Appendix Ⅱ Experiment 2 132
Ex2 Sentence combination test 132
Appendix Ⅲ Experiment 3 133
Ex3 1 Sentence completion test 133
Ex3.2 Sentence combination test 133
Appendix Ⅳ 134
Examples of untagged corpus data and coding 134
Appendix Ⅴ 135
Examples of tagged corpus data and coding 135
REFERENCES 137
INDEX 144