1 Introduction: linguistic forms and functions1.1 The functions of language 1
1.1. 1 The transactional view 1
1.1.2 The interactional view 2
1.2 Spoken and written language 4
1.2.1 Manner of production 4
1.2.2 The representation of discourse: texts 5
1.2.3 Written texts 6
1.2.4 Spoken texts 9
1.2.5 The relationship between speech and writing 12
1.2.6 Differences in form between written and spoken language 14
1.3 Sentence and utterance 19
1.3.1 On ‘data’ 20
1.3.2 Rules versus regularities 22
1.3.3 Product versus process 23
1 .3.4 On ‘context’ 25
2 The role of context in interpretation 27
2.1 Pragmatics and discourse context 27
2. 1.1 Reference 28
2.1.2 Presupposition 28
2.1. 3 Implicatures 31
2.1.4 Inference 33
2.2 The context of situation 35
2.2.1 Features of context 36
2.2.2 Co-text 46
2.3 The expanding context 50
2.4 The principles of ‘local interpretation’ and of ‘analogy’ 58
3 Topic and the representation of discourse content 68
3.1 Discourse fragments and the notion ‘topic’ 68
3.2 Sentential topic 70
3.3 Discourse topic 71
3.3.1 Topic framework 73
3.3.2 Presupposition pools 79
3.3.3 Sentential topic and the presupposition pool 81
3.4 Relevance and speaking topically 83
3.5 Speaker's topic 87
3.6 Topic boundary markers 94
3.6.1 Paragraphs 95
3.6.2 Paratones 100
3.7 Discourse topic and the representation of discourse content 106
3.8 Problems with the proposition-based representation of discourse content 114
3.9 Memory for text-content: story-grammars 116
3.10 Representing text-content as a network 121
4 ‘Staging’ and the representation of discourse struc-ture 125
4.1 The linearisation problem 125
4.2 Theme 126
4.3 Thematisation and ‘staging’ 133
4.3.1 ‘Staging’ 134
4.3.2 ‘Theme’ as main character/topic entity 134
4.3.3 Titles and thematisation 139
4.3.4 Thematic structure 140
4.3.5 Natural order and point of view 144
4.3.6 Theme, thematisation and ‘staging’ 148
5 Information structure 153
5.1 The structure of information 153
5.1.1 Information structure and the notion‘given/new’ in intonation 153
5.1.2 Halliday's account of information structure: information units 154
5.1.3 Halliday's account of information structure: tone groups and tonics 155
5.1.4 Identifying the tone group 157
5.1.5 The tone group and the clause 159
5.1.6 Pause-defined units 160
5.1.7 The function of pitch prominence 164
5.2 Information structure and syntactic form 169
5.2.1 Given/new and syntactic form 169
5.2.2 Information structure and sentence structure 176
5.3 The psychological status of ‘givenness’ 179
5.3. 1 What does ‘given’ mean? 179
5.3.2 A taxonomy of information status 182
5.3.3 The information status taxonomy applied to data 184
5.4 Conclusion 188
6 The nature of reference in text and in discourse 190
6.1 What is ‘text’? 190
6.1.1 ‘Cohesion’ 191
6.1.2 Endophora 199
6.1.3 Substitution 201
6.2 Discourse reference 204
6.2.1 Reference and discourse representations 206
6.2.2 Referring expressions 208
6.3 Pronouns in discourse 214
6.3.1 Pronouns and antecedent nominals 215
6.3.2 Pronouns and antecedent predicates 216
6.3.3 Pronouns and ‘new'predicates 218
6.3.4 Interpreting pronominal reference in discourse 221
7 Coherence in the interpretation of discourse 223
7.1 Coherence in discourse 223
7.2 Computing communicative function 226
7.3 Speech acts 231
7.4 Using knowledge of the world 233
7.5 Top-down and bottom-up processing 234
7.6 Representing background knowledge 236
7.6.1 Frames 238
7.6.2 Scripts 241
7.6.3 Scenarios 245
7.6.4 Schemata 247
7.6.5 Mental models 250
7.7 Determining the inferences to be made 256
7.8 Inferences as missing links 257
7.9 Inferences as non-automatic connections 260
7.10 Inferences as filling in gaps or discontinuities in interpreta-tion 265
7.11 Conclusion 270
References 272
Subject index 284
Author index 286
文库索引 289