GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
Section 1 Fundaments ofImmunology 1
Chapter 1 Immunity 1
Innate Immunity 1
Adaptive Immunity 2
Chapter 2 Immune Cells 3
Phagocytes 3
Lymphocytes 4
Antigen Presenting Cells 6
Chapter 3 Lymphoid Tissues and Organs 7
Primary Lymphoid Organs 7
Secondary(peripheral)Lymphoid Tissues and Organs 8
Lymphocyte Traffic and Recirculation 10
Chapter 4 Pathological Immunity and Immune Diseases 11
Section 2 Brief History and Prospect of Immunology 12
Chapter 1 Empirical Immunology 12
Chapter 2 Scientific Immunology 13
Discovery of Pathogens and Application of Vaccines 13
Discovery and Application of Antibodies 13
Cellular Immunity 14
Immunological Tolerance 15
Burnet's Clonal Selection Theory 15
Chapter 3 Modern Immunology 16
Diversity of Antigen Receptors 16
Discovery of Signal Transduction Pathway 16
Discovery of Programmed Cell Death 17
Hematogenesis and Development of Immune Cells 17
Immunological Application 18
Prospect of Immunology 19
IMMUNE MOLECULES 20
Section 3 Antigen 20
Chapter 1 Properties of Antigen 20
Chapter 2 Characteristics of Antigen 20
Specificity 20
Foreignness 22
Chapter 3 Factors Influencing Immunogenicity 22
Physicochemical Properties of Antigens 23
Effect of Host 23
Mode of Contact 23
Chapter 4 Classification of Antigens 24
TD-Ag and TI-Ag 24
Classification Based on Relationship with Host 25
Chapter 5 Non-specific Stimulators 25
Super Antigen 25
Adjuvant 25
Mitogen 26
Section 4 Immunoglobulins 28
Chapter 1 Organization of Immunoglobulins 28
Molecular Structure of Immunoglobulins 28
J Chain and Secretory Component 31
Enzymatic Digestion Products of Immunoglobulins 31
Chapter 2 Immunoglobulin Classes and Subclasses 33
Immunoglobulin Classes,Subclasses and Types 33
Isotypes,Allotypes and Idiotypes of Immunoglobulins 34
Chapter 3 Biological Activities of Immunoglobulins 35
Activities of Variable Regions 35
Activities of Constant Regions 35
Chapter 4 Biological Properties and Functions of Immunoglobulin Classes 36
IgG 36
IgA 37
IgM 37
IgD 37
IgE 38
Chapter 5 Antibody Technology 38
Section 5 The Complement System 41
Chapter 1 Introduction 41
Component of Complement System 41
Nomenclature 41
Chapter 2 Pathways of Complement Activation 42
Classical Pathway 42
The Lectin Pathway 46
Alternative Pathway 47
Terminal Sequence and the Membrane Attack Complex 47
Chapter 3 Regulation of Complement System Activation 48
Self-regulation 48
Fluid-Phase Regulator 49
Solid-Phase Regulator 49
Chapter 4 Biological Consequences of Complement Activation 50
Cell Lysis 50
Opsonization and Phagocytosis 50
Viral Neutralization 50
Inflammation 50
Regulation of Cells 51
Clearance of Immune Complex 52
Section 6 Cytokines 53
Chapter 1 Introduction 53
Chapter 2 Classification and Biological Activities of Cytokines 55
Interleukins 55
Tumor Necrosis Factor 56
Interferon 57
Hematopoietic Colony-Stimulating Factors 59
Transforming Growth Factor 60
Chemokines 61
Chapter 3 Cytokine Receptors 62
IL-1 Receptor 64
TNF-α Receptors 64
IL-2 Receptor 64
Chemokine Receptor 65
Chapter 4 Clinical Application 65
Section 7 Major Histocompatible Complex 66
Chapter 1 Structure and Genetics of MHC 66
Classical MHC Gene Complex 66
MHC Molecules 67
Other MHC Genes 69
Chapter 2 MHC Polymorphism 69
Concept of Polymorphism 69
Linkage Disequilibrium and Haplotype 70
Generation and Significance of MHC Polymorphism 71
Chapter 3 Peptide-MHC Interaction 71
Molecular Basis 71
Characteristics 72
Chapter 4 HLA and Clinical Medicine 73
HLA and Graft Rejection 73
HLA Related-Diseases 74
HLA and Diseases 75
Section 8 Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens and Adhesion Molecules 76
Chapter 1 Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens 76
Concept of Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens 76
Concept of Cluster of Differentiation 76
Chapter 2 Cell Adhesion Molecules 76
Intergrin Family 77
Selectin Family 79
Immunoglobulin Superfamily 80
Functions of Cell Adhesion Molecules 80
Chapter 3 Clinical Application of CD Molecules,Cam and Monoclonal Antibodies Against CD Molecules and Cam 82
Elucidation of Pathogenesis 82
Diagnosis and Prognosis in Clinical Use 83
Prevention and Treatment for Diseases 83
IMMUNE CELLS 84
Section 9 Hematopoietic Stem Cells 84
Chapter 1 Origin and Surface Markers of Hematopoietic Stem Cells 84
Origin of Hematopoietic Stem Cells 84
Surface Markers of Hematopoietic Stem Cells 84
Chapter 2 Differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells 86
The Factors Affect Differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells 86
Development of Lineage-Committed Progenitors 87
Section 10 Cells ofInnate Immunity 89
Chapter 1 Phase of Innate Immunity 89
Chapter 2 Cells of Innate Immunity 89
Epithelials 89
Phagocytes 90
Neutrophils 90
Mononuclear Phagocytes:the Monocyte-Macrophage System 94
NK Cells 96
γ：δ T Cells 96
B1 B Cells 98
NK T Cells 99
Chapter 3 Receptors of Innate Cells 99
Pattern-Recognition Receptors 99
Toll Like Receptors 100
Section 11 T Lymphocytes 101
Chapter 1 T Cell Ontogeny 101
Stages of Thymocyte Development 101
Positive and Negative Selection of Thymocytes 101
Chapter 2 Surface Proteins of T Lymphocytes 103
TCR-CD3 Complex 103
CD4 and CD8 Coreceptors 104
Costimulatory Molecules 104
Mitogen Receptors 105
Chapter 3 T Lymphocytes Subsets and Functions 106
Helper T Lymphocytes 106
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes 107
Memory T Cells 107
Regulatory T Cells 108
Section 12 B Lymphocytes 109
Chapter 1 Development of B Lymphocytes 109
The B Cells Development in the Bone Marrow 109
The B Cells Maturation in Germinal Centers 110
Chapter 2 Surface Markers of B Lymphocytes 110
BCR Complex 110
Surrogate BCR Complex 111
Other Surface Markers 111
Chapter 3 Subsets and Functions of B Lymphocytes 112
B1 Cells and Their Functions 113
B2 Cells and Their Functions 113
Immune Regulation 114
Section 13 Organization and Diversity of Antigen Receptor Genes 115
Chapter 1 Structure of Antigen Receptor Genes 115
The Gene Structure of BCR 115
The Gene Structure of TCR 116
Chapter 2 Rearrangement of Antigen Receptor Genes 117
Chapter 3 The Diversity Antigen Receptor Genes 119
BCR 119
TCR 120
IMMUNE RESPONSE 121
Section 14 Innate Immune Response 121
Chapter 1 Components Involved in Innate Immune Response 121
The Skin and the Mucosal Surfaces 121
Immune Cells Involved in Innate Immune Response 121
Humoral Proteins of Innate Immunity 122
Chapter 2 The Recognition Mechanism of Innate Immune Response 123
Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattersn(PAMPs) 123
Pattern Recognition Receptor(PRR) 124
Chapter 3 The Biological Significance of Innate Immune Response 124
Section 15 Antigen Presentation 126
Chapter 1 Antigen Presenting Cells 126
MPS 126
Antigen Processing and Presentation by Dendritic Cells 127
Antigen Processing and Presentation by B Lymphocytes 129
Chapter 2 Antigen Processing and Presentation 129
Processing of Exogenous and Endogenous Antigens 130
MHC and Antigen Processing and Presentation 133
CD1 Related Antigen Presentation 134
Section 16 T Cells Recognitions and Responses of Antigens 136
Chapter 1 T Cells Recognition of Antigens 137
Chapter 2 Signals for T Cells Activation 138
Stimulators of T Cells Activation 138
Double Signals for T Cells Activation 138
Chapter 3 Signal Transduction of T Cell Activation 140
Receptor Cross-Iinking 140
Cytoplamic Signaling by TCR 141
Chapter 4 Transcription Factor Activation and Gene Expression 143
Chapter 5 Functions of Effector T Cells 143
Functions of CD4+TH1 Cells 143
Functions of CD8+Cytotoxic T Cells 143
Section 17 B Cell Recognition and Response of Antigens 147
Chapter 1 B Cell Response to T Cell-Dependent Antigen 147
Clonal Selection and Antigen Recognition of B Cells 147
Signaling by BCR Complex and B Cell Coreceptors 147
Effects of TH Cells and Interaction Between TH and B Cells 149
Development and Differentiation of B Cells in Germinal Centers 151
Chapter 2 B Cell Response to T Cell-Independent-Antigen 156
B Cell Response to Type 1 of TI Antigens 156
B Cell Response to Type 2 of TI Antigens 157
Chapter 3 Rules of Antibody Production 158
Immunoglobulin Secretion 158
Primary and Secondary Response 158
Chapter 4 Mucosal Immune Response 159
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue 159
Secretory Ig and Transcytosis 160
Section 18 Immunoregulation 161
Chapter 1 Role of Antigen,Antibody and Complement 161
Role of Antigen 161
Role of Antibody 161
Role of Complement 162
Chapter 2 Role of Signaling Components and Molecules 163
Role of Activating Signaling Components and Molecules 163
Role of Suppressing Signaling Components and Molecules 165
Chapter 3 Role of Cells 166
Role of T Cell Subtypes 166
Role of the Idiotypic Network 168
Role of Apoptosis 168
Chapter 4 Neuroendocrine Immune System Regulation 170
Role of Neuroendocrine System 170
Immunoregulation Among Population 171
Section 19 Immune Tolerance 172
Chapter 1 The Development and Representation of Immune Tolerance 173
Innate Tolerance 173
Acquired Tolerance 173
Chapter 2 Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance 174
Central Tolerance 175
Peripheral Tolerance 175
Chapter 3 Immune Tolerance and Clinical Medicine 178
Establishment and Maintenance of Immune Tolerance 178
Abrogation of Immune Tolerance 179
CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 180
Section 20 Hypersensitivity 180
Chapter 1 Type Ⅰ Hypersensitivity 181
Component and Cells 181
Immune Pathogenesis 182
Type Ⅰ Hypersensitivity-Associated Diseases 184
Therapy for Type Ⅰ Hypersensitivity 186
Chapter 2 Type Ⅱ Hypersensitivity 186
Immune Pathogenesis 187
Type Ⅱ Hypersensitivity-Associated Diseases 187
Chapter 3 Type Ⅲ Hypersensitivity 190
Immune Pathogenesis 190
Type Ⅲ Hypersensitivity-Associated Diseases 191
Chapter 4 Type Ⅳ Hypersensitivity 192
Immune Pathogenesis 192
Diseases caused by Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity 193
Section 21 Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Diseases 195
Chapter 1 Introduction 195
Autoimmunity 195
Autoimmune Disease 195
Classification 196
Characteristics 196
Chapter 2 Immunologic Pathogenesis and Typical Diseases 197
Autoantibodies Directly Mediated Tissue Damage 197
Autoantibodies Modulate Cell Function 197
Autoantibodies form Damaging Immune Complexes 197
Cell Mediated Immunity in Pathogenesis 198
Chapter 3 Factors in Development of Autoimmune 198
Autoantigens 199
Abnormal Immunoregulation 200
Abnormal Expression of Fas/FasL 201
Genetic Factors 201
Infections 202
Chapter 4 Treatment of Autoimmune Disease 203
Section 22 Immunodeficiency Diseases 205
Chapter 1 Introduction 205
Chapter 2 Primary/Congenital Immunodeficiency Diseases 205
Congenital B Cell Immunodeficiency Disorders 206
Congenital T Cell/Cellular Immunodeficiency Disorders 207
Combined Immunodeficiency Disorders 208
Complement Deficiencies 209
Phagocytic Defects 210
Chapter 3 Secondary Immunodeficiency 211
HIV and AIDS 211
Chapter 4 Treatment of Immunodeficiency 213
Section 23 Tumor Immunology 215
Chapter 1 Tumor Antigens 215
Classification by Specificity of Antigen 216
Classification by Origin and Nature of Antigen 217
Chapter 2 Mechanisms of Anti-tumor Effects 218
Cellular Immunity 218
Humoral Immunity 219
Chapter 3 Mechanisms of Tumor Escape 220
Tumor Cell-Associated Factors 220
Host Immune System-associated Factors 221
Chapter 4 Tumor Immunodiagnosis 221
Chapter 5 Tumor Immunotherapy 223
Cellular Immunotherapy 224
Humoral Immunotherapy 225
Tumor Vaccines 226
Section 24 Transplantation Immunology 227
Chapter 1 Immunologic Basis of Allograft Rejection 227
Attributes of Allograft Rejection 227
Target Antigens of Allograft Rejection 228
Cell Basis of Allograft Rejection 228
Recognition of Alloantigens 228
Chapter 2 Allograft Rejection Types and Mechanisms 230
HVGR 230
GVHR 233
Chapter 3 Prevention and Treatment of Allograft Rejection 233
Donor Selection 233
Immunosuppressive Agents 234
Specific Tolerance to Transplantation Antigens 236
Section 25 Immunodiagnosis 238
Chapter 1 Detection of Antigens and Antibodies 238
Principles of Antigen-Antibody Reaction 238
Detection ofAntigens and Antibodies 238
Chapter 2 Detection of Cellular Immunity 243
Lymphocyte Isolation and Phenotyping 243
Lymphocyte Function Assays 244
Phagocyte Function Assays 245
Chapter 3 Clinical Analysis of Immune System bv Molecular Genetic Techniques 246
Hybridization 246
Polymerase Chain Reaction 248
Genome Sequencing 248
Chapter 4 Application of Immunologic Tests 249
Selection and Evaluation of Immune-Tests 249
Clinical Application of Immune-Tests 250
Section 26 Immunotherapy 251
Chapter 1 Definition and Classification 251
Chapter 2 Molecular Immunotherapy 251
Molecular Vaccines 251
Antibody Immunotherapy 251
Cytokine Therapy 252
Microbe Antigen Vaccine 255
Chapter 3 Cellular Immunotherapy 255
Adoptive Immunotherapy 255
Stem Cells Transplantation 255
Chapter 4 BRMs and Immunosupressors 256
BRMs 256
Immunosupressor 257
Section 27 Immunoprevention 261
Chapter 1 Artificial Immunization 261
Artificial Active Immunization 261
Artificial Passive Immunization 263
P1anned Immunization 264
Chapter 2 Development of New Vaccines 265
Basic Requirements for Vaccines 266
Development of New Vaccines 266
Chapter 3 Application of Vaccines 267
Prevention of Infectious Diseases 267
Prevention of Tumor 267
Others 267
Appendix 269
English-Chinese Comparison 291