Lesson 1 1
GRAMMAR The Present Perfect；The Present Perfect Continuous 2
CONTEXT Jobs 2
1.1 An Overview 2
READING Job Résumé and Cover Letter 2
1.2 The Present Perfect Tense—Forms 5
1.3 The Past Participle 6
1.4 The Present Perfect—Contractions 9
1.5 The Present Perfect—Question Formation 10
1.6 Uses of the Present Perfect Tense—An Overview 11
1.7 The Present Perfect with Continuation from Past to Present 13
1.8 Negative Statements with Since,For,and In 15
1.9 The Present Perfect vs.the Simple Present 16
READING Where Have All the Jobs Gone? 19
1.10 The Present Perfect Continuous 20
1.11 The Present Perfect vs.the Simple Past 25
1.12 The Present Perfect with Repetition from Past to Present 27
1.13 The Present Perfect vs.the Simple Past with Repetition 30
READING The Occupational Outlook Handbook 32
1.14 The Present Perfect with Indefinite Past Time—An Overview 33
1.15 Questions with Ever 34
1.16 Yet,Already 38
1.17 Questions with Lately and Recently 41
1.18 The Present Perfect Continuous with Ongoing Activities 43
1.19 The Present Perfect with No Time Mentioned 44
1.20 The Present Perfect vs.the Present Perfect Continuous with No Time Mentioned 46
Summary of Lesson 1 49
Editing Advice 50
Lesson 1 Test/Review 52
Expansion Activities 54
Lesson 2 57
GRAMMAR Passive Voice；Participles Used as Adjectives；Get+Participles and Adjectives 58
CONTEXT Hollywood 58
2.1 Passive Voice—An Overview 58
READING The Oscars 58
2.2 The Passive Voice—Form 59
2.3 The Passive and Active Voice—Uses 62
2.4 The Passive Voice without an Agent 63
2.5 The Passive Voice with an Agent 65
2.6 Verbs with Two Objects 67
READING The History of Animation 68
2.7 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 71
2.8 The Passive with Get 75
2.9 Participles Used as Adjectives 76
READING Charlie Chaplin 77
2.10 Participles Used as Adjectives to Show Feelings 78
2.11 Other Past Participles Used as Adjectives 82
READING Being Famous 84
2.12 Past Participles and Other Adjectives with Get 86
Summary of Lesson 2 88
Editing Advice 89
Lesson 2 Test/Review 91
Expansion Activities 94
Lesson 3 97
GRAMMAR The Past Continuous；The Past Perfect；The Past Perfect Continuous；Comparison of Past Tenses 98
CONTEXT Disasters and Tragedies 98
3.1 Overview of Past Tenses 98
READING The Columbia Tragedy 98
3.2 The Past Continuous—Forms 100
3.3 The Past Continuous Tense—Uses 102
3.4 The Past Continuous or the Simple Past 104
READING The Titanic 108
3.5 The Past Perfect Tense—Forms 110
3.6 The Past Perfect—Use 112
3.7 When with the Simple Past or the Past Perfect 115
READING Wildfires in Southern California 118
3.8 The Past Perfect Continuous—Forms 118
3.9 The Past Perfect Continuous—Uses 120
3.10 The Past Perfect(Continuous)or the Present Perfect(Continuous) 123
READING Survivors of the Titanic 125
3.11 Comparison of Past Tenses 126
Summary of Lesson 3 130
Editing Advice 131
Lesson 3 Test/Review 132
Expansion Activities 135
Lesson 4 137
GRAMMAR Modals—Present and Future；Related Expressions 138
CONTEXT Consumer Warnings 138
4.1 Overview of Modals and Related Expressions 138
READING Sweepstakes or Scam? 139
4.2 Possibilities—May,Might,Could 140
4.3 Necessity and Urgency with Must,Have To,Have Got To 142
4.4 Obligation with Must or Be Supposed To 144
4.5 Advice with Should,Ought To,and Had Better 146
READING Telemarketing 150
4.6 Permission and Prohibition 151
4.7 Comparing Negative Modals 154
4.8 Making Suggestions 160
READING Infomercials 162
4.9 Expectations with Be Supposed To 163
READING My Elderly Neighbor 166
4.10 Logical Conclusions 167
4.11 Probability vs.Possibility in the Present 171
4.12 Modals with Continuous Verbs 172
Summary of Lesson 4 175
Editing Advice 176
Lesson 4 Test/Review 177
Expansion Activities 181
Lesson 5 183
GRAMMAR Modals in the Past 184
CONTEXT The Kennedys and History in the Making 184
5.1 Overview of Modals in the Past 184
READING The Assassination of President John F.Kennedy 184
5.2 Past Probability(Deduction.Conclusion) 186
5.3 Past Possibility 189
READING The Cuban Missile Crisis 192
5.4 Past Direction Not Taken 193
READING John Kennedy,Jr. 197
5.5 Past Mistakes 198
5.6 Be Supposed To in the Past 202
READING The Media and Presidential Elections 203
5.7 Must Have vs.Had To 205
5.8 Could+Base Form vs.Could Have+Past Participle 207
5.9 More on Couldn't Have 209
5.10 Continuous Forms of Past Modals 212
Summary of Lesson 5 213
Editing Advice 216
Lesson 5 Test/Review 216
Expansion Activities 221
Lesson 6 223
GRAMMAR Adjective Clauses；Descriptive Phrases 224
CONTEXT Computers and the Internet 224
6.1 Adjective Clauses—An Overview 224
READING Spam 224
6.2 Relative Pronoun as Subject 226
6.3 Relative Pronoun as Object 229
6.4 Comparing Pronoun as Subject and Object 230
6.5 Relative Pronoun as Object of Preposition 233
READING eBay 236
6.6 Where and When in Adjective Clauses 237
6.7 Where,When,That,or Which in Adjective Clauses 239
READING Handwritten Letters or E-mail? 241
6.8 Whose+Noun in an Adjective Clause 243
6.9 Adjective Clauses After Indefinite Pronouns 245
READING Creating the World Wide Web 250
6.10 Nonessential Adjectives Clauses 252
6.11 Essential vs.Nonessential Adjective Clauses 254
6.12 Descriptive Phrases 258
Summary of Lesson 6 263
Editing Advice 264
Lesson 6 Test/Review 265
Expansion Activities 269
Lesson 7 273
GRAM MAR Infinitives；Gerunds 274
CONTEXT Helping Others 274
7.1 Infinitives—An Overview 274
READING Andrew Carnegie,Philanthropist 274
7.2 Verbs Followed by an Infinitive 276
7.3 Object Before Infinitive 279
READING Charity and Volunteering 281
7.4 Causative Verbs 283
7.5 Adjective Plus Infinitive 285
READING Bicycling to Raise Money for AIDS 287
7.6 Using the Infiniitive to Show Purpose 288
7.7 Infinitive as Subject 290
7.8 Infinitive with Too and Enough 293
7.9 Gerunds—An Overview 295
READING Helping Others Get an Education 295
7.10 Gerund as Subject 296
7.11 Gerund After Prepositions and Nouns 298
7.12 Using the Correct Preposition 299
7.13 Verbs Followed by Gerunds 302
7.14 Verbs Followed by Gerund or Infinitive 304
7.15 Infinitive and Gerund as Subject 305
7.16 Gerund or Infnitive Aftera Verb：Differences in Meaning 306
READING Mimi's Bike Ride 309
7.17 Used To/Be Used To/Get Used To 310
READING Global Volunteers 313
7.18 Sense-Perception Verbs 314
Summary of Lesson 7 317
Editing Advice 319
Lesson 7 Test/Review 321
Expansion Activities 324
Lesson 8 327
G RAM MAR Adverbial Clauses and Phrases；Sentence Connectors；So/Such...That 328
CONTEXT Coming to America 328
8.1 Adverbial Clauses—An Overview 328
READING A Nation of Immigrants 328
8.2 Reason and Purpose 330
READING New Immigrants：The Lost Boys of Sudan 334
8.3 Time Expressions 336
8.4 Using the-ing Form After Time Words 340
READING Slavery—An American Paradox 341
8.5 Contrast 342
READING The Changing Face of America 344
8.6 Condition 346
READING Adopting a Baby from Abroad 350
8.7 Sentence Connectors 352
8.8 So...That/Such...That 356
Summary of Lesson 8 359
Editing Advice 361
Lesson 8 Test/Review 362
Expansion Activities 367
Lesson 9 371
GRAMMAR Noun Clauses After Verbs and Adjectives；Noun Clauses as Included Questions；Noun Clauses as Direct Quotes；Noun Clauses in Reported Speech 372
CONTEXT Caring for Children 372
9.1 Noun Clauses—An Overview 372
READING Bringing Up Baby 372
9.2 Noun Clauses After Verbs and Adjectives 374
READING Pediatricians'Recommendations 377
9.3 Noun Clauses After Expressions of Importance 378
READING Day Care 379
9.4 Noun Clauses as Included Questions 381
9.5 Question Words Followed by an Infinitive 387
READING Dr.Benjamin Spock 390
9.5 Noun Clauses as Exact Quotes of Notable Words 391
READING A Folk Tale 392
9.7 Exact Quotes in Telling a Story 393
9.8 Noun Clauses as Reported Speech 394
9.9 The Rule of Sequence of Tenses 395
9.10 Say vs.Tell 397
9.11 Exceptions to the Rule of Sequence of Tenses 400
9.12 Reporting an Imperative 401
READING Being an Au Pair 404
9.13 Noun Clauses as Reported Questions 406
9.14 Noun Clauses After other Past Tense Verbs 410
Summary of Lesson 9 414
Editing Advice 415
Lesson 9 Test/Review 416
Expansion Activities 420
Lesson 10 423
GRAMMAR Unreal Conditions—Present；Real Conditions vs.Unreal Conditions；Unreal Conditions—Past；Wishes 424
CONTEXT Science or Science Fiction?READING Time Travel 424
10.1 Unreal Conditions—Present 426
10.2 Implied Conditions 435
READING Traveling to Mars 436
10.3 Real Conditions vs.Unreal Conditions 438
READING Life 100 Years Ago 441
10.4 Unreal Conditions—Past 442
10.5 Mixed Tenses in Condition Statements 444
READING Science or Wishful Thinking? 448
10.6 Wishes 450
10.7 Wishing for a Desired Change 454
Summary of Lesson 10 459
Editing Advice 460
Lesson 10 Test/Review 461
Expansion Activities 465