1 Background and Language 1
1.1 Orders of Magnitude 1
1.2 Units 3
1.3 Special Relativity,Feynman Diagrams 4
1.4 References 8
Ⅰ Tools 11
2 Accelerators 13
2.1 Why Accelerators? 13
2.2 Cross Sections and Luminosity 16
2.3 Electrostatic Generators(Van de Graaff) 18
2.4 Linear Accelerators(Linacs) 20
2.5 Beam Optics 22
2.6 Synchrotrons 24
2.7 Laboratory and Center-of-MomentumFrames 29
2.8 Colliding Beams 31
2.9 Superconducting Linacs 31
2.1 0 Beam Storage and Cooling 32
2.1 1 References 34
3 Passage of Radiation Through Matter 39
3.1 Concepts 39
3.2 Heavy Charged Particles 41
3.3 Photons 45
3.4 Electrons 46
3.5 Nuclear Interactions 49
3.6 References 50
4 Detectors 53
4.1 Scintillation Counters 53
4.2 Statistical Aspects 56
4.3 Semiconductor Detectors 59
4.4 Bubble Chambers 62
4.5 Spark Chambers 64
4.6 Wire Chambers 65
4.7 Drift Chambers 66
4.8 Time Projection Chambers 67
4.9 ？erenkov Counters 68
4.10 Calorimeters 69
4.11 Counter Electronics 70
4.12 Electronics:Logic 72
4.13 References 73
Ⅱ Particles and Nuclei 77
5 The Subatomic Zoo 79
5.1 Mass and Spin.Fermions and Bosons 79
5.2 Electric Charge and Magnetic Dipole Moment 84
5.3 Mass Measurements 87
5.4 A First Glance at the Subatomic Zoo 92
5.5 Gauge Bosons 94
5.6 Leptons 97
5.7 Decays 98
5.8 Mesons 103
5.9 Baryon Ground States 105
5.10 Particles and Antiparticles 108
5.11 Quarks,Gluons,and Intermediate Bosons 112
5.12 Excited States and Resonances 118
5.13 Excited States of Baryons 122
5.14 References 128
6 Structure of Subatomic Particles 135
6.1 The Approach:Elastic Scattering 135
6.2 Rutherford and Mott Scattering 136
6.3 Form Factors 140
6.4 The Charge Distribution of Spherical Nuclei 143
6.5 Leptons Are Point Particles 147
6.6 Nucleon Elastic Form Factors 153
6.7 The Charge Radii of the Pion and Kaon 160
6.8 Inelastic Electron and Muon Scattering 161
6.9 Deep Inelastic Electron Scattering 164
6.10 Quark-Parton Model for Deep Inelastic Scattering 166
6.11 More Details on Scattering and Structure 172
6.12 References 189
Ⅲ Symmetries and Conservation Laws 195
7 Additive Conservation Laws 197
7.1 Conserved Quantities and Symmetries 197
7.2 The Electric Charge 203
7.3 The Baryon Number 206
7.4 Lepton and Lepton Flavor Number 208
7.5 Strangeness Flavor 211
7.6 Additive Quantum Numbers of Quarks 214
7.7 References 216
8 Angular Momentum and Isospin 221
8.1 Invariance Under Spatial Rotation 221
8.2 Symmetry Breaking by a Magnetic Field 223
8.3 Charge Independence of Hadronic Forces 224
8.4 The Nucleon Isospin 225
8.5 Isospin Invariance 226
8.6 Isospin of Particles 228
8.7 Isospin in Nuclei 232
8.8 References 235
9 P,C,CP,and T 239
9.1 The Parity Operation 239
9.2 The Intrinsic Parities of Subatomic Particles 243
9.3 Conservation and Breakdown of Parity 247
9.4 Charge Conjugation 252
9.5 Time Reversal 256
9.6 The Two-State Problem 260
9.7 The Neutral Kaons 263
9.8 The Fall of CP Invariance 268
9.9 References 271
Ⅳ Interactions 279
10 The Electromagnetic Interaction 281
10.1 The Golden Rule 281
10.2 Phase Space 286
10.3 The Classical Electromagnetic Interaction 289
10.4 Photon Emission 292
10.5 Multipole Radiation 299
10.6 Electromagnetic Scattering of Leptons 303
10.7 Vector Mesons as Mediators of the Photon-Hadron Interaction 307
10.8 Colliding Beams 311
10.9 Electron-Positron Collisions and Quarks 314
10.10 The Photon-Hadron Interaction:Real and Spacelike Photons 317
10.11 Magnetic Monopoles 323
10.12 References 324
11 The Weak Interaction 331
11.1 The Continuous Beta Spectrum 331
11.2 Beta Decay Lifetimes 335
11.3 The Current-Current Interaction of the Standard Model 337
11.4 A Variety of Weak Processes 342
11.5 The Muon Decay 346
11.6 The Weak Current of Leptons 348
11.7 Chirality versus Helicity 353
11.8 The Weak Coupling Constant GF 354
11.9 Weak Decays of Quarks and the CKM Matrix 355
11.10 Weak Currents in Nuclear Physics 356
11.11 Inverse Beta Decay:Reines and Cowan's Detection of Neutrinos 361
11.12 Massive Neutrinos 363
11.13 Majorana versus Dirac Neutrinos 365
11.14 The Weak Current of Hadrons at High Energies 366
11.15 References 375
12 Introduction to Gauge Theories 383
12.1 Introduction 383
12.2 Potentials in Quantum Mechanics—The Aharonov-Bohm Effect 386
12.3 Gauge Invariance for Non-Abelian Fields 388
12.4 The Higgs Mechanism;Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking 393
12.5 General References 401
13 The Electroweak Theory of the Standard Model 403
13.1 Introduction 403
13.2 The Gauge Bosons and Weak Isospin 404
13.3 The Electroweak Interaction 408
13.4 Tests of the Standard Model 414
13.5 References 418
14 Strong Interactions 421
14.1 Range and Strength of the Low-Energy Strong Interactions 422
14.2 The Pion-Nucleon Interaction—Survey 425
14.3 The Form of the Pion-Nucleon Interaction 430
14.4 The Yukawa Theory of Nuclear Forces 432
14.5 Low-Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Force 434
14.6 Meson Theory of the Nucleon-NucleonForce 442
14.7 Strong Processes at High Energies 445
14.8 The Standard Model,Quantum Chromodynamics 451
14.9 QCD at Low Energies 456
14.10 Grand Unified Theories,Supersymmetry,String Theories 458
14.11 References 460
Ⅴ Models 469
15 Quark Models of Mesons and Baryons 471
15.1 Introduction 471
15.2 Quarks as Building Blocks of Hadrons 472
15.3 Hunting the Quark 474
15.4 Mesons as Bound Quark States 475
15.5 Baryons as Bound Quark States 478
15.6 The Hadron Masses 480
15.7 QCD and Quark Models of the Hadrons 483
15.8 Heavy Mesons:Charmonium,Upsilon 491
15.9 Outlook and Problems 493
15.10 References 494
16 Liquid Drop Model,Fermi Gas Model,Heavy Ions 501
16.1 The Liquid Drop Model 501
16.2 The Fermi Gas Model 506
16.3 Heavy Ion Reactions 508
16.4 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions 511
16.5 References 515
17 The Shell Model 521
17.1 The Magic Numbers 522
17.2 The Closed Shells 524
17.3 The Spin-Orbit Interaction 529
17.4 The Single-Particle Shell Model 531
17.5 Generalization of the Single-Particle Model 533
17.6 Isobaric Analog Resonances 535
17.7 Nuclei Far From the Valley of Stability 537
17.8 References 538
18 Collective Model 543
18.1 Nuclear Deformations 544
18.2 Rotational Spectra of Spinless Nuclei 547
18.3 Rotational Families 551
18.4 One-Particle Motion in Deformed Nuclei(Nilsson Model) 554
18.5 Vibrational States in Spherical Nuclei 558
18.6 The Interacting Boson Model 562
18.7 Highly Excited States;Giant Resonances 564
18.8 Nuclear Models—Concluding Remarks 567
18.9 References 570
19 Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics 579
19.1 The Beginning of the Universe 579
19.2 Primordial Nucleosynthesis 585
19.3 Stellar Energy and Nucleosynthesis 586
19.4 Stellar Collapse and Neutron Stars 592
19.5 Cosmic Rays 596
19.6 Neutrino Astronomy and Cosmology 601
19.7 Leptogenesis as Basis for Baryon Excess 602
19.8 References 603
Index 609