SECTION A：POLITICS AND CTTIZENSHIP 3
1．TEST USE AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY&Glenn Fulcher 3
2．DEVELOPING ASSESSMENT LITERACY&Lynda Taylor 25
3．POLITICS AND LEGISLATION IN CITIZENSHIP TESTING IN THE UNITED STATES&Antony John Kunnan 45
SECTION B：LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATION 63
4．EUROPEAN LANGUAGE POLICY:ASSESSMENT,LEARNING,ANDTHECEFR&Neil Jones and Nick Saville 63
5．FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT IN LANGUAGE EDUCATION POLICIES:EMERGING LESSONS FROM WALES AND SCOTLAND&Constant Leung and Catriona Scott 79
6．ASSESSING WORLD ENGLISHES&Alan Davies 99
7．LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATION:TESTS,CURRICULA,AND TEACHING&Alister Cumming 112
SECTION C：TWO NATIONAL EXAMPLES 127
8．NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND AND ITS EFFECTS ON LANGUAGE POLICY&Kate Menken 127
9．THE INTERSECTION OF TEST IMPACT,VALIDATION,AND EDUCATIONAL REFORM POLICY&Micheline Chalhoub-Deville 146
10．LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT POLICY IN IRAN&Hossein Farhady and Hora Hedayati 163
SECTION D：ASSESSING WORKPLACE LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY 179
11．THE WORKPLACE,THE SOCIETY AND THE WIDER WORLD:THE OFFSHORING AND OUTSOURCING INDUSTRY&Liz Hamp-Lyons and Jane Lockwood 179
12．AIR SAFETY,LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT POLICY,AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION:THE CASE OF AVIATION ENGLISH&J. Charles Alderson 207