Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Research Objectives 5
1.3 Research Questions 6
Chapter 2 Conception of the Police Social Service Role 7
2.1 Definition of the Role 7
2.2 Various Role Statements 9
2.2.1 Outcomes Statement 9
2.2.2 Behavioral Statement 11
2.2.3 Functional Statement 13
2.3 Basic Roles of the Police 14
2.3.1 Order Maintenance 14
2.3.2 Law enforcement 15
2.3.3 Service Delivery 15
2.4 Chinese Police System 16
2.4.1 Main components of Modern Chinese Police 17
2.4.2 Police Functions 20
2.4.3 Police Rank System 21
2.4.4 Police Organizations with Military Traditions 21
2.4.5 Police Organizations as Bureaucracies 23
2.4.6 The Chinese Paramilitary-Bureaucratic Police Organization 24
2.4.7 Mass Line of Policing:Community Policing Philosophies in China 25
2.4.8 Research Site:Shenzhen Public Security Bureau 32
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework 39
3.1 Role Strain Theory 39
3.1.1 Basic Concepts of Role Theory 39
3.1.2 Major Tenets of Role Strain Theory 40
3.1.3 Role Stress-Strain Formulation 42
3.1.4 Goode's Role Strain Theory 45
3.1.5 Komarovsky's Role Strain Theory 47
3.1.6 Formulation of Police Social Service Role Stress-Strain 49
3.2 Conceptual Model of Police Social Service Role Stress-Strain 54
Chapter 4 Methodology 55
4.1 Research Hypotheses 55
4.2 A Mixed Methods Approach 55
4.3 First Phase:Questionnaire Survey 56
4.3.1 Gaining Access to the Subjects 57
4.3.2 Pilot Study 57
4.3.3 Sampling Techniques 58
4.3.4 The Rationale for Non-probability Sampling 59
4.3.5 Sample Selection 63
4.3.6 Instrumentation 65
4.3.7 Administration of the survey 67
4.3.8 Response Rate 68
4.3.9 Characteristics of Subjects 69
4.3.10 Ethical Considerations 71
4.4 Second Phase:In-depth Interview 71
4.4.1 Sample Selection 72
4.4.2 Demographics of the Interviewees 73
4.4.3 Instrumentation 74
4.4.4 Administration of the In-depth Interview 78
4.4.5 Trustworthiness 79
4.4.6 Ethical Considerations 81
4.5 Data Analysis 81
4.5.1 Quantitative Data Analysis 82
4.5.2 Qualitative Data Analysis 83
4.5.3 Integrating Analysis 85
Chapter 5 Policing in the Pre-reform Era:Mass Line of Policing 86
5.1 Understanding Police Social Service Role Strain-Stress in the Context of Chinese Policing 86
5.2 Policing under the Household Administration System 87
5.2.1 The Household Administration System 87
5.2.2 The Police Station 88
5.2.3 The Residence Committee 88
5.3 Police Social Service Work during the Pre-reform Era 89
5.3.1 Community Participation 90
5.3.2 Serving the People with Close and Harmonious Police-People Relationship 90
5.3.3 The Active Police Social Service Role 92
5.3.4 Welfare Allocation and Human Assistance for the Dependent Persons 92
5.3.5 Education,Correction and Mediation within the Community 93
5.4 Policing with the Active Mass Participation 93
5.4.1 Mobilization in the Community 93
5.4.2 Significant Role of Mass Participation 94
5.5 The Effective Informal Social Control 95
5.5.1 The Communitarian Orientation 96
5.5.2 Informal Measures 97
5.5.3 The Mass Line Strategy 97
Chapter 6 Policing in the Reform Era:Strike Hard Campaigns and Emergence of Police Social Service Role Conflict and Incongruity 98
6.1 Growing Crime Problems 98
6.2 Strike Hard Campaigns 99
6.3 Top Priority of Policing:Crime Fighting 99
6.4 The Highlight of the Police as Crime Fighters 100
6.5 Emergence of Police Social Service Role Incongruity 101
6.5.1 Not Viewed as“Real”Police Officers 101
6.5.2 Low Identity within the Police Organization 102
6.6 The Significant Relationship between PSSRIC and PSSRS 104
6.7 Emergence of Police Social Service Role Conflict 105
6.7.1 Conflict Role Expectations within the Police Organization 105
6.7.2 Conflict Role Expectations between the Police and Citizens 107
6.8 The Significant Relationship between PSSRC and PSSRS 108
Chapter 7 Policing in the Reform Era:The Police Professionalization and Emergence of Police Social Service Role Ambiguity,Overload and Inadequacy 109
7.1 A Call for the Professionalization 109
7.2 On the Road to the Professionalization 110
7.3 A Combination of 110 Emergency Number System and Patrol 111
7.4 The Problematic Policy 112
7.5 Costs of Police Professionalization:Loss of Mass Participation 113
7.5.1 The Less Integrated Community 114
7.5.2 The Worsened Police-People Relations 114
7.6 Emergence of Police Social Service Role Ambiguity 116
7.6.1 Unclear Regulations or Policies 117
7.6.2 Ambiguous Role Expectations from Supervisors 117
7.6.3 Ambiguous Role Expectations from Colleagues 118
7.6.4 Ambiguous Role Expectations from the Citizens 118
7.7 The Significant Relationship between PSSRA and PSSRS 119
7.8 Emergence of Police Social Service Role Overload 119
7.8.1 Heavy Call-load 119
7.8.2 Time-related Pressures 121
7.9 The Significant Relationship between PSSRO and PSSRS 123
7.10 Emergence of Police Social Service Role Inadequacy 123
7.10.1 Lack of Knowledge and Skills 124
7.10.2 Lack of Time and Funds for Training 125
7.10.3 Limited Quality Training 125
7.11 The Significant Relationship between PSSRIA and PSSRS 127
Chapter 8 Community Policing in the Reform Era:Police Professional Ethics and Emergence of Social Service Role Under-compensation 128
8.1 Construction of Professional Ethics for the Police 128
8.2 Communist Ideology during the Societal Transition 129
8.3 Emergence of Police Social Service Role Under-compensation 130
8.3.1 Lack ofSupervision or Punishment 131
8.3.2 Lack of Recognition or Reward 132
8.4 The Significant Relationship between the PSSRU and PSSRS 134
Chapter 9 Police Social Service Role Strain-Stress:Findings of Their Relationship and Rise of Formal Social Control 135
9.1 Emergence of Police Social Service Role Strain 135
9.1.1 Insomnia 136
9.1.2 Irritation 136
9.1.3 Nervousness or Stress 137
9.1.4 Discomfort 137
9.1.5 Depression or Frustration 137
9.1.6 Perplexity 137
9.1.7 Fatigue 138
9.2 High Level of Police Social Service Role Strain 138
9.3 High Level of Police Social Service Role Stress 139
9.4 The Significant Relationship between PSSRSS and PSSRS 140
9.5 Formal Social Control 140
Chapter 10 Conclusion 142
10.1 Summary of the Study 142
10.2 A Model for Understanding Police Service Social Role Strain in China 146
10.2.1 A Mixture of Formal and Informal Social Control 147
10.2.2 The Philosophy of Comprehensive Approach toward Social Service Work 148
10.2.3 Emphasizing Informal Social Control 149
10.2.4 Invitation for Mass Participation 150
10.2.5 Establishing Intimate Police-Community Cooperation 151
10.3 Limitations of the Study 153
10.4 Policy Implications and Recommendations 153
10.4.1 Adopt the Integrated Social Control Model for Inhibiting the Emergence of Police Social Service Role Strain 154
Reference 158
APPENDIX A：Questionnaire of Police Social Service Role Strain in the Police Stations 178
APPENDIX B：Interview Protocol 185
APPENDIX C：Figure:The Structure of Public Security Police 187
APPENDIX D：Figure:The Internal Structure of Shenzhen Public Security Bureau 188
APPENDIX E：Figure:The Structure ofShenzhen Public Security Bureau 189
APPENDIX F：Organizational Chart of the Police Station 190