Chapter 1 The Concept of Perspective-taking 1
1.1．Introduction:A Parable 1
1.2．The Notion of Perspective 2
1.3．The Review of Literature on Perspective-taking 5
1.3.1．Piaget's Cognitive-developmental Approach 5
1.3.2．Perspective in Phenomenology 5
1.3.3．Perspective in Perceptual Experience 6
1.3.4．Perspective in Cognitive Experience 8
1.3.5．Perspective in Social Psychology 8
1.3.6．Graumann and Sommer's Theory of Linguistic Perspectivity 12
1.4．The Definition of Perspective 14
1.5．Relevance of Perspective in Language 17
1.5.1．Perspective-taking in Language Production and Comprehension 17
1.5.2．Linguistic Devices of Perspective 20
1.6．Conclusion 22
1.7．Introduction to the Contents 23
Notes 24
Chapter 2 Egocentrism and Interactionism of Perspective-taking 26
2.1．Perception,Cognition and Language 26
2.1.1．General Assumptions 26
2.1.2．The Theory of Modal Perceptual Symbol 28
2.1.3．Implications for Cognition:Language Processing 31
2.1.4．Viewing and Conceptualization 34
2.2．Space and Language 35
2.3．Space,Time and Perspective 37
2.3.1．The Egocentric Frame 37
2.3.2．The Allocentric Frame 38
2.3.3．The Geocentric Frame 40
2.3.4．Temporal Perspective 41
2.4．Egocentrism of Perspective-taking 43
2.4.1．The Egocentric Basis of Language 43
2.4.2．Linguistic Manifestations of Egocentrism 46
2.5．Interactionism of Perspective-taking 50
2.6．Figure and Ground:Cognitive Basis of Perspective-taking 51
2.7．Neuro-science Basis of Perspective-taking:Depictive and Enactive Modes 54
2.8．Conclusion 60
Notes 61
Chapter 3 Perspective-taking in Communication 65
3.1．Introduction:Meta-perspective in Communication 65
3.1.1．The Study of Meta-perspective in Philosophy and Psychology 66
3.1.2．The Study of Meta-perspective in the Gricean Pragmatic Theory 67
3.1.3．The Study of Meta-perspective in Quotation 68
3.2．Perspective-taking Models 69
3.3．Coordination of Perspectives in Communication 72
3.3.1．Communication as a Coordinative Process 72
3.3.2．Least Collaborative Effort Hypothesis 76
3.4．Perspective Adiustment Model 78
3.4.1．Whether Adjustment Occurs? 78
3.4.2．When does Adjustment occur?—Egocentrism in Communication 84
3.4.3．How do People Infer Each Other's Perspectives in Conversation? 89
3.5．Dual Perspectives and Irony 91
3.5.1．Dual Perspectives in Texts 91
3.5.2．Dual Perspectives in Conversation 97
3.6．Conclusions 106
Notes 109
Chapter 4 Perspective-taking and Lexical Choice 112
4.1．Introduction 112
4.1.1．General Positions 112
4.1.2．Grammar and Meaning:The Form-meaning Relationship 113
4.2．Perspective and Deictic Words 116
4.3．Perspective taking and Categorization 117
4.3.1．Conceptual Perspective and Category 117
4.3.2．Stereotypes and Category 119
4.3.3．Perspective-taking and Presupposition 121
4.4．Opposing Perspectives and Word Choices 125
4.5．Perspective-taking and Androcentrism 128
4.6．Experimental Evidence 129
4.6.1．Amount of Detail 129
4.6.2．Interpretation of Line Drawings 130
4.6.3．Estimating Speed 131
4.7．Conclusion 131
Notes 131
Chapter 5 Perspective-taking in Syntactic Construction 134
5.1．Introduction:Viewing and Conceptualization 134
5.2．Perspective-taking and Coreference 136
5.2.1．Perspective-taking and Pronouns 136
5.2.2．Perspective-taking and Reflexives 154
5.3．Perspective-taking and Transitivity 169
5.3.1．Perspective-taking and Causal Action 169
5.3.2．Perspective-taking and Causal Motion 178
5.3.3．Fictive Motion 180
5.4．Perspective-taking and Ambiguity 194
5.5．Conclusion 196
Notes 198
Chapter 6 Conclusion 204
Bibliography 210
Literary texts 237