Chapter One Contextualising the Bai and the Research 1
Chapter Two The Making of Minzu and its Conceptual Implications 26
Chapter Three The Politics of Local Scholarly Making of the Bai 62
Chapter Four Partial Identity and the Different Degrees of Bai-ness 98
Chapter Five Identity Manifested in Religious Practices 130
Chapter Six Negotiating Interpretations and Identity-Making in an Annual Social Event:Gua sa na 161
Chapter Seven Ethnic Identities under the Tourist Gaze 207
Chapter Eight Becoming Ethnically Distinctive 228
Glossary 238
Tables and Figures 239
Illustrations of Bai Social Life 242
Appendix 1：Bai Characters on Unearthed Tiles 281
Appendix 2：Poster for gua sa na west Town,2005 282
Appendix 3：Web Sources and Printed Publications for gua sa na stories 283
Appendix 4：Gua sa na Income in Sunshine Village Temple,2005 285
Bibliography 286
List of Tables and FiguresTable 1：Number of Autonomous Governments in China 239
Table 2：Bai Population Composition in China,Yunnan Province and Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture(DBAP) 239
Table 3：Population of Dali in Ming Dynasty(abstracted from Lee 1982) 239
Table 4：National Classification Project in China(55+1) 240
Table 5：Development of Bai Studies 240
Table 6：Declining Illiteracy Rate among the Bai,Yi,Han and the National Level 240
Figure 1：Benzhu Hierarchy 241
Figure 2：Positions of All Benzhu on Benzhu Cultural Square 241
Illustrations of Bai Social LifeIll.1：The Tower of Five Glories,Ancient Town of Dali,2004 242
Ill.2：Chanting Sutra,Colour Village,2004 243
Ill.3：Gua sa na Participants,Cave Village,2005 243
Ill.4：Bai Screen Wall,Shaxi Village,2005 243
Ill.5：View from Dragonhead Gate,Xiaguan,2004 244
Ill.6：Cangshan and Erhai,2004 245
Ill.7：The Three Pagodas,2005 245
Ill.8：The Three Pagodas in late Qing Dynasty 245
Ill.9：Autobiography Hung in the Sitting Room of Mr.Xiang,Colour Village,2004 246
Ill.10：Modern Replica of Fancy Bai Style Gate,Splendour Village,2004 246
Ill.11：Senior Male Villagers Koutou in front of Benzhu Images,Splendour Village,2004 247
Ill.12：Evidence of a Splendid Long Bai History Mr.Fu Collected,2004 247
Ill.13：Renovated Fancy Gate and Wood Panel,Colour Village,2004 248
Ill.14：Z Family's Gate,Colour Village,2004 248
Ill.15：The"authentic"Bai Dancing at A Temple Event. 249
Ill.16：Mr.Sui and Brother Explaining Their Han Ancestor Tablets,CampVillage,2004 249
Ill.16a：Genealogy of Wang Song's(1752-1837)Descendent,2005 250
Ill.16b：Genealogy of the Zhangs,2005 250
Ill.17：Warrior Benzhu with His Parents and Generals,Colour Village,2004 251
Ill.18：Literati Benzhu and Wife,Colour Village,2004 251
Ill.19：Main Benzhu,His Two Wives and Followers,Zhou Village,2004 252
Ill.20：Literati and Warrior Benzhu,West Town,2004 252
Ill.21：One of the Nine Benzhu in Its Original Site.West Town,2004 253
Ill.22：Common Secondary Deity:God of Fortune.Zhou Village,2004 253
Ill.23：Common Guardian Deities:Rooster,Pig,Horse and Ox,Colour Village,2004 254
Ill.24：Common Guardian Deities:God of the Mountain and the Land,Colour Village,2004 254
Ill.25：Common Secondary Deities:Son-giving Guanyin,Zhou Village,2004 255
Ill.26：Duan Zongbang and His Mistress,Stream Village,2005 255
Ill.27：Kublai Khan and Duan Zongbang(the small image on stage right),West Town,2005 256
Ill.28：Lady Bejie and Husband,Fountain County,2004 256
Ill.29：Benzhu:General Li Mi,Xiaguan,2005 257
Ill.30：Non-benzhu Temple,San Jiao Gong,Splendour Village,2004 257
Ill.31：Non-benzhu Cults,Three Gods in San Jiao Gong,West Town.2004 258
Ill.32：Non-benzhu Cults,City God,Fountain County,2004 258
Ill.33：Non-benzhu Cults,Jade Emperor,West Town,2004 259
Ill.34：Benzhu Procession,Going to Get the Benzhu Image,Colour Village,2004 259
Ill.35：Benzhu Procession:Greeting Benzhu,Splendour Village,2004 260
Ill.36：Benzhu Procession:The Parade of Duan Zongbang,Stream Villagers,2005 260
Ill.37：Benzhu Procession:The Parade of Duan Zongbang,Horse Villagers,2005 261
Ill.38：Sacrifices Before the Bai New Year Dinner,Colour Village,2004(photo courtesy of Hong Yu) 261
Ill.39：Raw Sacrifices,2005 262
Ill.40：Cooked Sacrifices,Colour Village,2004 262
Ill.40a：Poster for Benzhu Procession,West Town,2005 263
Ill.41："The Grand Gua sa na of the Bai",Cave Village,2005 264
Ill.42：Gua sa na:The Sacred Temple,Cave Village,2005 264
Ill.43：Gua sa na:Praying,Cave Village,2005 265
Ill.44：Gua sa na:Voluntary Dancing,Creek Village,2005 265
Ill.45：Gua sa na:Audience of One Dialogical Singing Site,Creek Village,2005 266
Ill.46：Duan Zongbang in Benzhu Cultural Square,Nanzhao Feature Island,2005 266
Ill.47：Signs on Nanzhao Feature Island,2005 267
Ill.48：Mother Sayi,Nanzhao Feature Island,2005 267
Ill.49：Clip from Five Golden Flowers,Butterfly Pond,2005 268
Ill.50：Shaping Market,2001 268
Ill.51：The Tower of Five Glories,Ancient Town of Dali,2004 269
Ill.52：Screen Wall,Deng Village,2004 269
Ill.53：Newly Built Bai House,Colour Village,2004 270
Ill.54：Fancy Bai Shop Outside Three Pagodas Park,2005 270
Ill.55：Zhou Township Tie-Dye Factory,2001 271
Ill.56：Yi Women Selling Her Gatherings from the Mountain in Dali,2004 271
Ill.57：Tuzhu Temple in Mega County.The Temple of the Nanzhao Founder,2004 272
Ill.58：Burnt Fancy Gate,Light Village,2004 272
Ill.59：Newly Built Replica in Mega County,2005 273
Ill.60：Mahakala as a Main Benzhu in Zhou Village,2004 273
Ill.61：Zhongyang Ci,West Town,2004 274
Ill.62：Wang Le Kuan and His Family in Bay Village,2005 274
Ill.63：Dressed up for a Benzhu a Procession,Colour Village,2004 275
Ill.64：Part of a Pilgrimage,Outside Zongyang Ci,2005 276
Ill.65：Retuming from a Pilgrimage,2001 277
Ill.66：A Side Praying Hall with Mao and Penchang's Images,Mega County,2004 277
Ill.67：Part of A Pilgrimage:Making Offerings Even after the Temple Was Closed,Colour village,2004 278
Ill.68：Burning Paper Money at Gua sa na,Cave Village,2005 278
Ill.69：Shaping Market,2001 279
Ill.70：Shaping Market,Peddlers Lining up to Seek Business with A Foreign Tourist,2001 279
Ill.71：One-day Tour Package,Tourists Putting on Costume to Post A Photo in front of Clip from Five Golden Flowers,Butterfly Pond,2005 280