Preface 1
PART A WORDS:THEIR MEANINGS AND FORMS 1
1 Language awareness activities 3
2 Words and their meanings 13
2.1 Conceptual meaning 13
2.2 Affective meaning 18
2.3 Style,register and dialect 20
2.4 Sense relations 22
2.4.1 Synonymy 23
2.4.2 Hyponymy 24
2.4.3 Antonymy 24
2.4.4 Other types of relations 28
2.4.5 Translation equivalents 30
2.5 Multi-word verbs 33
2.6 Idioms 35
2.7 Collocation 37
2.8 Componential analysis 40
3 Words and their forms 44
3.1 The grammar of vocabulary 44
3.2 Word building 47
3.3 Pronunciation 50
PART B PRINCIPLES IN LEARNING AND TEACHING VOCABULARY 50
4 Decisions about content 54
4.1 Student responsibility and teacher responsibility 54
4.2 Criteria for selection 57
4.2.1 Frequency 58
4.2.2 Cultural factors 59
4.2.3 Need and level 59
4.2.4 Expediency 61
4.3 Receptive versus productive vocabulary 64
4.4 How many items to teach 66
4.5 Grouping of items of vocabulary 69
5 How the Iearner discovers meaning 73
5.1 Traditional approaches and techniques used in the presentation of new vocabulary items 73
5.1.1 Visual techniques 73
5.1.2 Verbal techniques 74
5.1.3 Translation 75
5.2 Student-centred learning 76
5.2.1 Asking others 77
5.2.2 Using a dictionary 79
5.2.3 Contextual guesswork 83
6 Memory and written storage 86
Theoretical aspects 86
6.1 Types of memory 86
6.2 Organisation of the mentallexicon 87
6.3 Why do we forget? 89
Practical implications 90
6.4 Meaningful tasks 90
6.5 Imagery 92
6.6 Rote learning 93
6.7 Recycling 93
6.8 Written storage systems for learners 95
PART C CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES 103
7 Using visual aids 103
7.1 Using pictures as a guide to meaning 103
7.2 Using pictures for further practice 111
8 Using authentic reading texts 115
9 Teacher designed contexts and the use of the dictionary 125
10 Speaking activities 144
10.1 Role play 144
10.2 Narrative 149
10.3 Processes,priorities and appropriacy 154
11 Games,questionnaires and problem solving 163
PARTD VOCABULARY IN COURSE BOOKS 163
12 Vocabulary in course books 171
12.1 Checklist 171
12.2 Extracts from course books 173
Key 185
Bibliography 196
Index 199