Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 The aim of this book 1
1.2 The nature of anaphora 2
1.3 Research questions 6
1.4 Methodology 7
1.5 Organization 8
Chapter 2 Literature Review 11
2.1 A brief history of anaphora study 11
2.2 Contemporary approaches to anaphora 18
2.3 Summary 42
Chapter 3 Theoretical Foundations for Anaphora Study 44
3.1 Construal of anaphora within the functional framework 44
3.2 Remaining problems 59
3.3 A proposed framework for anaphora 62
3.4 Summary 76
Chapter 4 Textual Function of Anaphora 79
4.1 The lexical level 80
4.2 The grammatical level 91
4.3 The semantic level 99
4.4 The textual level 113
4.5 Summary 137
Chapter 5 Interpersonal Function of Anaphora 142
5.1 Understanding the interpersonal function of anaphora 143
5.2 The writer-society relationship 147
5.3 The writer-reader relationship 158
5.4 Summary 163
Chapter 6 Cognitive Function of Anaphora 165
6.1 Frame-based integration 165
6.2 Context-constrained inference 184
6.3 Memory-related retrieval 198
6.4 Summary 211
Chapter 7 Anaphora in Application 214
7.1 Testifying method 214
7.2 Anaphora in text 218
7.3 Summary 231
Chapter 8 Conclusion 233
8.1 Reflection on the research questions 233
8.2 Implications of this research 238
8.3 Limitations in anaphora study 240
Bibliography 242
Appendix Ⅰ：Three Texts for Sample Analysis 259
Appendix Ⅱ：Findings of the Three Sample Texts 276
Acknowledgements 280
List of Figures 16
Figure 2-1 Bühler's Organon-Model of Communication(after Bosch,1983:10,and Bühler 1934) 16
Figure 2-2 Connection between historical views and contemporary approaches to anaphora 17
Figure 2-3 The c-command diagram(adapted from Radford,1988:119) 20
Figure 3-1 The place of anaphora within the semantic system in SFG framework(taken from Halliday＆Hasan,1976:29) 51
Figure 3-2 The place of anaphora within the system of reference(reproduced from Halliday＆Hasan,1976:33) 51
Figure 3-3 The place of anaphora in the realization relationship between the situational system and the semantic system(reproduced from Halliday,1985:2) 55
Figure 3-4 The place of anaphora in the instantiation relationship(reproduced from Halliday＆Matthiessen,1999:14) 56
Figure 3-5 The functions of anaphora in text 74
Figure 4-1 First and subsequent mention of participants in Example(12)(after Martin,1992:94) 84
Figure 4-2 Clausal process types and subjectobject positions of the anaphors as participants in Example(17) 94
Figure 4-3 The bi-dimensional characteristic of anaphora in Example(12) 100
Figure 4-4 Ontological and linguistic reference of the anaphor"he"in Example(12) 104
Figure 4-5 Anaphoric continuity and topical continuity in Example(25) 119
Figure 4-6 Cohesive chains in Example(27) 129
Figure 4-7 Interaction between the topic chain of"she"and the non-topic strings in Example(27) 134
Figure 5-1 The role of anaphora in the two types of interpersonal relationship 146
Figure 5-2 Notions related to reference point(taken from Langacker,1996:356) 152
Figure 5-3 The switch of reference point in Example(30) 153
Figure 5-4 Attribution through antecedent embedment 156
Figure 5-5 Antecedent embedment in Example(31) 156
Figure 5-6 Non-attribution through antecedent-anaphora pattern 157
Figure 5-7 The antecedent-anaphora pattern in Example(29) 158
Figure 6-1 The simple spatial framework of a truck 183
Figure 6-2 Bridging anaphors within the spatial framework of a"truck"in Example(38) 183
Figure 6-3 Two mapping relationships in the blend metaphorical anaphors 197
Figure 6-4 The evoked senses of"home" 211
Figure 7-1 Topicality establishment according to the frequency of anaphora of certain antecedents(measured against percentage;frequency:per one thousand words) 220
Figure 7-2 Topicality-constrained anaphora types of major topical entities(measured against percentage;frequency:per one thousand words) 222
Figure 7-3 Proportion of ba type to the other three anaphora types in three sample texts(measured against percentage;frequency:per one hundred anaphora types) 223
Figure 7-4 Antecedents in three sample texts(measured against percentage;frequeney:per 1000 words) 228
List of Tables 131
Table 4-1 Process types,their meanings and key participants(reproduced from Halliday,1985:143) 131
Table 4-2 Process types,their meanings and key participants of the topic chain of"she"in Example(27) 132
Table 4-3 The anaphoric nominal groups with the possessive determiner"her"and the relationships expressed by it 133
Table 7-1 Topicality establishment according to the frequency of anaphora of certain antecedents(measured against number) 219
Table 7-2 Distribution of ba type as compared with the distribution of other anaphora types(measured against number) 223