Chapter One International Trade 1
1.1 International Trade 1
1.2 Definition of International Trade 2
1.3 Reasons for International Trade 2
1.3.1 Resource Reasons 2
1.3.2 Economic Reasons 3
1.3.3 Other Reasons 3
1.4 The Differences Between International Trade and Domestic Trade 4
1.5 Forms of International Trade 4
1.5.1 Export Trade,Import Trade and Transit Trade 5
1.5.2 Direct Trade,Indirect Trade and Entrepot Trade 5
1.5.3 Visible Goods Trade and Invisible Goods Trade 5
1.5.4 Barter Trade and Free-liquidation Trade 6
1.6 Benefits from International Trade 7
1.6.1 Economic Growth 7
1.6.2 Cheaper Goods and Services 7
1.6.3 Greater Variety 7
Technical Terms 8
Exercises 8
Chapter Two International Business Correspondence 10
2.1 The Essence of Business Letters 10
2.2 Elements of Business Letters 11
2.2.1 Letterhead 12
2.2.2 Reference 12
2.2.3 Date 13
2.2.4 Inside Address 13
2.2.5 Attention Line 14
2.2.6 Salutation 15
2.2.7 Subject Line 15
2.2.8 Body of a Letter 16
2.2.9 Complimentary Close 16
2.2.10 Signature 16
2.2.11 IEC(Initials,Enclosures and Carbon Copies Block) 17
2.2.12 Postscript 17
2.3 Envelope Addressing 18
2.4 Business Letter Format and Outline 19
2.4.1 Format 19
2.4.2 Outline 21
2.5 Basic Principles for Business Letters 22
Specimen Letters 24
Technical Terms 24
Exercises 25
Chapter Three International Trade Terms 26
3.1 Components of Trade Terms 26
3.2 INCOTERMS 27
3.2.1 Scope of INCOTERMS 28
3.2.2 Structure of INCOTERMS 2000 28
3.2.3 Common Issues 29
3.3 Interpretation of Trade Terms in INCOTERMS 2000 30
3.3.1 Group E—Departure 30
3.3.2 Group F—Main Carriage Unpaid(by Seller) 30
3.3.3 Group C—Main Carriage Paid(by Seller) 32
3.3.4 Group D—Arrival 34
3.4 Contrasts between FOB,CFR and CIF 36
3.5 Considerations for Choosing Trade Terms 36
Technical Terms 37
Exercises 37
Chapter Four Establishing Business Relations 39
4.1 The Significance of Establishing Business Relations 39
4.2 The Channels of Establishing Business Relations 40
4.3 Information Collection of the Prospective Clients 40
4.4 Some Skills in Establishing Business Relations 41
4.4.1 Skills for Writing a First Letter to a Prospective Corporation 41
4.4.2 Skills for Replying a Letter 42
Specimen Letters 43
Skill Training 47
Technical Terms 50
Exercises 51
Chapter Five Enquiry and Offer 54
5.1 Enquiry 55
5.2 Offer 56
5.2.1 Firm Offer 56
5.2.2 Non-firm Offer 57
5.2.3 Proforma Invoice:a Special Offer 58
5.3 Counter-Offer 59
5.4 Counter-Counter-Offer 60
Specimen Letters 61
Skill Training 66
Technical Terms 68
Exercises 69
Chapter Six Acceptance,Order and Business Contract 72
6.1 Acceptance 72
6.2 Order 73
6.3 Business Contract 75
6.3.1 Contracts 75
6.3.2 Confirmation 79
6.3.3 Significance and Function of Contract 81
Specimen Letters 81
Skill Training 86
Technical Terms 88
Exercises 89
Chapter Seven International Payment 91
7.1 Nature of International Payment 91
7.2 Instruments of International Payment 92
7.2.1 Draft 92
7.2.2 Promissory Note 94
7.2.3 Check 95
7.3 Methods of International Payment 96
7.3.1 Cash in Advance 96
7.3.2 Documentary Letter of Credit 98
7.3.3 Documentary Collection 101
7.3.4 Open Account 103
Specimen Letters 104
Skill Training 107
Technical Terms 110
Exercises 111
Chapter Eight Letter of Credit 114
8.1 Nature of Letters of Credit 114
8.2 Procedures of Letter of Credit Operations 115
8.2.1 Issuance of Letter of Credit 115
8.2.2 Amendment of Letters of Credit 118
8.2.3 Utilization of Letters of Credit 120
8.3 Considerations in Using L/C 121
8.3.1 Points for Attention in Using L/C 121
8.3.2 L/C Risks and L/C Risk Prevention 121
Specimen Letters 122
Skill Training 127
Technical Terms 130
Exercises 130
Chapter Nine International Cargo Transportation 135
9.1 Ocean Transportation 135
9.1.1 Liner Transportation 135
9.1.2 Charter Transportation 137
9.2 Shipping Documents 139
9.2.1 Packing List 139
9.2.2 Booking Note 140
9.2.3 Shipping Order 142
9.2.4 Mate's Receipt 143
9.2.5 Bill of Lading 144
9.3 Clause of Shipment 150
9.3.1 Packing and Marking 150
9.3.2 Time of Shipment and Time of Delivery 153
9.3.3 Port of Shipment and Port of Destination 153
9.3.4 Partial Shipment and Transshipment 154
9.3.5 Shipping Instruction and Shipping Advice 155
9.4 Other Modes of Transportation 155
Specimen Letters 157
Skill Training 159
Technical Terms 161
Exercises 162
Chapter Ten Insurance 165
10.1 Fundamental Principles of Cargo Insurance 165
10.2 Risks and Losses in Cargo Transport 167
10.2.1 Risks 167
10.2.2 Losses 168
10.2.3 Expenses 169
10.3 Ocean Marine Insurance under C.I.C 169
10.3.1 Basic Risks Coverage 169
10.3.2 Additional Risks Coverage 170
10.4 Insurance Practice of International Trade 172
10.4.1 Insured Amount 173
10.4.2 Insurance Premium 173
10.4.3 Insurance Document 173
Specimen Letters 175
Skill Training 180
Technical Terms 183
Exercises 184
Chapter Eleven Inspection,Claim,Force Majeure and Arbitration 190
11.1 Commodity Inspection 190
11.1.1 Place and Time of Inspection 191
11.1.2 Inspection Bodies 191
11.1.3 Inspection Standards 192
11.1.4 Major Inspection Certificates 193
11.1.5 Inspection Clause in the Sales Contracts 194
11.2 Complaints and Claims 194
11.2.1 Types of Claim 195
11.2.2 Claim Clause in Sales Contracts 195
11.3 Force Majeure 196
11.3.1 Consequences of Force Majeure 196
11.3.2 Force Majeure Clause in Sales Contracts 196
11.4 Arbitration 197
11.4.1 The Definition of Arbitration 197
11.4.2 Features of the Arbitration 198
11.4.3 Arbitration Procedures 198
11.4.4 Arbitration Clause in Sales Contracts 200
Specimen Letters 200
Skill Training 204
Technical Terms 206
Exercises 207
Chapter Twelve Import and Export Procedures 209
12.1 General Procedures of Export Transaction 209
12.1.1 Preparations for Exporting 209
12.1.2 Negotiation of a Sales Contract 211
12.1.3 Performance of the Contract 212
12.1.4 Settlement of Disputes 215
12.1.5 Flowchart of Export Procedure 215
12.2 General Procedures of Import Transaction 216
12.2.1 Preparations for Importing 216
12.2.2 Trade Negotiation 216
12.2.3 Performance of the Contract 217
12.2.4 Settlement of Disputes 218
12.3 Export Documentation 218
12.3.1 Role of Documentation 218
12.3.2 Export Documents 219
Technical Terms 229
Exercises 230
参考文献 231